Genome-resolved metagenomic survey of 500 samples from 56 hot springs across the Western US

Hot springs are natural laboratories for studying microbial diversity, evolution, and adaptation to extreme environments. Despite their abundance across the Western US, most notably in the Great Basin and Yellowstone National Park, information about the functional and genomic structure of inhabiting microbial communities is restricted to a handful of well-studied locations. Here we present a dataset of 500 deep metagenomes, totaling 3.38 terabasepairs and collected from 56 remote hot springs across the Great Basin and Yellowstone, with 25 of the hot springs surveyed annually over 4 consecutive years. Additionally, we present 780 bacterial and archaeal metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) binned from these metagenomes, with completeness >=80% and contamination <=5%, of which 149 are "high quality" MAGs following conventional criteria. Many of the MAGs represent entirely novel genera and even families, compared to the latest Genome Taxonomy Database. Our spatiotemporally extensive dataset yields insight into the microbial functional structure at dozens of previously unstudied locations, substantially expands our repertoire of extremophilic microbial genomes, provides a new resource for high-temperature biotechnology, and enables future phylogenomic studies of these communities through space and time.