Pesticide incidence in 749 wax, pollen and bee samples from North American honey bee colonies.

*Aldicarb based on sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites; Amitraz based on total DMA and DMPF metabolites; Captan includes THPI; Carbaryl includes 1-naphthol; Carbendazim is also a degradate of benomyl; Coumaphos includes oxon, chlorferone and potasan; Endosulfan includes isomers and sulfate; Imidacloprid includes 5-hydroxy and olefin metabolites; Thiabendazole is a degradate of thiophanate methyl.
#Class: CAR  =  carbamate, CYC  =  cyclodiene, FORM  =  formamidine, FUNG  =  fungicide, HERB  =  herbicide, IGR  =  insect growth regulator.
INS  =  misc. insecticide, NEO  =  neonicotinoid, OC  =  organochlorine, OP  =  organophosphate, PS  =  partial systemic, PYR  =  pyrethroid, S  =  systemic.
¶LD50 is ave. honey bee acute toxicity from literature in ppb  =  10,000× µg/bee; bold nos. < LD50.
§Mean and SEM for all analyzed samples; non detects  =  0 ppb.