Pesticide incidence in 749 wax, pollen and bee samples from North American honey bee colonies.

*Aldicarb based on sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites; Amitraz based on total DMA and DMPF metabolites; Captan includes THPI; Carbaryl includes 1-naphthol; Carbendazim is also a degradate of benomyl; Coumaphos includes oxon, chlorferone and potasan; Endosulfan includes isomers and sulfate; Imidacloprid includes 5-hydroxy and olefin metabolites; Thiabendazole is a degradate of thiophanate methyl. #Class: CAR = carbamate, CYC = cyclodiene, FORM = formamidine, FUNG = fungicide, HERB = herbicide, IGR = insect growth regulator. INS = misc. insecticide, NEO = neonicotinoid, OC = organochlorine, OP = organophosphate, PS = partial systemic, PYR = pyrethroid, S = systemic. ¶LD50 is ave. honey bee acute toxicity from literature in ppb = 10,000× µg/bee; bold nos. < LD50. §Mean and SEM for all analyzed samples; non detects = 0 ppb.