Children's speech adaptations to friends with HI (Granlund et al., 2018)

Purpose: This study aims to examine the clear speaking strategies used by older children when interacting with a peer with hearing loss, focusing on both acoustic and linguistic adaptations in speech.Method: The Grid task, a problem-solving task developed to elicit spontaneous interactive speech, was used to obtain a range of global acoustic and linguistic measures. Eighteen 9- to 14-year-old children with normal hearing (NH) performed the task in pairs, once with a friend with NH and once with a friend with a hearing impairment (HI).Results: In HI-directed speech, children increased their fundamental frequency range and midfrequency intensity, decreased the number of words per phrase, and expanded their vowel space area by increasing F1 and F2 range, relative to NH-directed speech. However, participants did not appear to make changes to their articulation rate, the lexical frequency of content words, or lexical diversity when talking to their friend with HI compared with their friend with NH.Conclusions: Older children show evidence of listener-oriented adaptations to their speech production; although their speech production systems are still developing, they are able to make speech adaptations to benefit the needs of a peer with HI, even without being given a specific instruction to do so.Supplemental Material S1. Fixed effects for the best-fit model for task transaction time. Number of observations: 82; number of different pairs: 25.Supplemental Material S2. Fixed effects for the best-fit model for F0 range. Number of observations: 107; number of participants: 16.Supplemental Material S3. Fixed effects for the best-fit model for mean energy 1-3 k Hz. Number of observations: 111; number of participants: 16.Supplemental Material S4. Fixed effects for the best-fit model for vowel space area. Number of observations: 32; number of participants: 16.Supplemental Material S5. Fixed effects for the best-fit model for F1 range. Number of observations: 32; number of participants: 16.Supplemental Material S6. Fixed effects for the best-fit model for F2 range. Number of observations: 32; number of participants: 16.Supplemental Material S7. Fixed effects for the best-fit model for words per phrase. Number of observations: 110; number of participants: 16.Supplemental Material S8. Fixed effects for the best-fit model for lexical frequency. Number of observations: 111; number of participants: 16.Granlund, S., Hazan, V., & Mahon, M. (2018). Children's acoustic and linguistic adaptations to peers with hearing impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61, 1055–1069. https://doi.org/10.1044/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0456

研究目的：本项研究旨在探究年长儿童在与听力受损同伴互动时所采用的清晰发音策略，重点关注语音中的声学及语言学适应。研究方法：采用网格任务，一种旨在引发自发互动性语音的问题解决任务，以获取一系列全局声学和语言学度量指标。18名9至14岁的正常听力儿童以成对的形式完成该任务，一次是与正常听力的朋友合作，另一次是与有听力障碍的朋友合作。研究结果：在与听力障碍同伴的交流中，儿童提高了基频范围和中等频率强度，减少了每句话的单词数量，并通过增加F1和F2范围来扩展元音空间区域，与针对正常听力同伴的交流相比。然而，参与者在与有听力障碍的朋友交谈时，似乎并未对其发音速度、内容词的词汇频率或词汇多样性进行调整。研究结论：年长儿童在其语音生产中显示出以听者为导向的适应证据；尽管他们的语音生产系统仍在发展中，但他们在未受特定指令的情况下，仍能对语音进行适应以适应听力障碍同伴的需求。补充材料S1：任务交易时间的最佳拟合模型的固定效应。观测次数：82；不同配对数：25。补充材料S2：F0范围的最佳拟合模型的固定效应。观测次数：107；参与者数：16。补充材料S3：1-3 kHz平均能量的最佳拟合模型的固定效应。观测次数：111；参与者数：16。补充材料S4：元音空间区域的最佳拟合模型的固定效应。观测次数：32；参与者数：16。补充材料S5：F1范围的最佳拟合模型的固定效应。观测次数：32；参与者数：16。补充材料S6：F2范围的最佳拟合模型的固定效应。观测次数：32；参与者数：16。补充材料S7：每句话单词数的最佳拟合模型的固定效应。观测次数：110；参与者数：16。补充材料S8：词汇频率的最佳拟合模型的固定效应。观测次数：111；参与者数：16。Granlund, S., Hazan, V., & Mahon, M. (2018). 儿童对听力障碍同伴的声学和语言学适应。语音、语言与听力研究杂志，61，1055–1069. https://doi.org/10.1044/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0456