Supplementary Tables 1-8 from Multi-omic detection of <i>Mycobacterium leprae</i> in archaeological human dental calculus

Mineralized dental plaque (calculus) has proven to be an excellent source of ancient biomolecules. Here, we present a <i>Mycobacterium leprae</i> genome (6.6-fold), the causative agent of leprosy, recovered via shotgun sequencing of sixteenth-century human dental calculus from an individual from Trondheim, Norway. When phylogenetically placed, this genome falls in branch 3I among the diversity of other contemporary ancient strains from Northern Europe. Moreover, ancient mycobacterial peptides were retrieved via mass spectrometry-based proteomics, further validating the presence of the pathogen. <i>Mycobacterium leprae</i> can readily be detected in the oral cavity and associated mucosal membranes, which likely contributed to it being incorporated into this individual's dental calculus. This individual showed some possible, but not definitive, evidence of skeletal lesions associated with early-stage leprosy. This study is the first known example of successful multi-omics retrieval of <i>M. leprae</i> from archaeological dental calculus. Furthermore, we offer new insights into dental calculus as an alternative sample source to bones or teeth for detecting and molecularly characterizing <i>M. leprae</i> in individuals from the archaeological record.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Insights into health and disease from ancient biomolecules’.矿化牙菌斑（牙结石，dental calculus）已被证实是古代生物分子的优质来源。本研究报道了一株麻风分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium leprae)的基因组（覆盖度达6.6倍），该菌为麻风病的致病菌，其通过鸟枪测序法从挪威特隆赫姆一名个体的16世纪人类牙结石中获取。经系统发育聚类分析，该基因组隶属于北欧其他同期古代菌株演化支的3I分支。此外，通过基于质谱的蛋白质组学检索到了古代分枝杆菌肽段，进一步验证了该病原菌的存在。麻风分枝杆菌可在口腔及相关黏膜中被便捷检出，这或许是其能够留存于该个体牙结石中的原因。该个体存在疑似但非确定性的早期麻风病相关骨骼病变证据。本研究是首例从考古牙结石中成功获取麻风分枝杆菌(M. leprae)多组学数据的案例。此外，本研究为将牙结石作为骨骼或牙齿的替代样本来源，用于检测考古遗存中的麻风分枝杆菌并进行分子特征解析提供了全新见解。本文属于“来自古代生物分子的健康与疾病洞察”专题议题的一部分。