Enterprise Survey 2002 - Latvia

Abstract
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This research was conducted in Latvia from June 19 to July 31, 2002, as part of the second round of the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey. The objective of the survey is to obtain feedback from enterprises on the state of the private sector as well as to help in building a panel of enterprise data that will make it possible to track changes in the business environment over time, thus allowing, for example, impact assessments of reforms. Through face-to-face interviews with firms in the manufacturing and services sectors, the survey assesses the constraints to private sector growth and creates statistically significant business environment indicators that are comparable across countries.

The survey topics include company's characteristics, information about sales and suppliers, competition, infrastructure services, judiciary and law enforcement, security, government policies and regulations, bribery, sources of financing, overall business environment, performance and investment activities, and workforce composition.

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment.

Universe
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The manufacturing and services sectors are the primary business sectors of interest.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The information below is taken from "The Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey - 2002. A brief report on observations, experiences and methodology from the survey" prepared by MEMRB Custom Research Worldwide (now part of Synovate), a research company that implemented BEEPS II instrument.

The general targeted distributional criteria of the sample in BEEPS II countries were to be as follows:

1) Coverage of countries: The BEEPS II instrument was to be administered to approximately 6,500 enterprises in 28 transition economies: 16 from CEE (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, FR Yugoslavia, FYROM, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia and Turkey) and 12 from the CIS (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan).

2) In each country, the sector composition of the total sample in terms of manufacturing versus services (including commerce) was to be determined by the relative contribution of GDP, subject to a 15% minimum for each category. Firms that operated in sectors subject to government price regulations and prudential supervision, such as banking, electric power, rail transport, and water and wastewater were excluded.

Eligible enterprise activities were as follows (ISIC sections):
- Mining and quarrying (Section C: 10-14), Construction (Section F: 45), Manufacturing (Section D: 15-37)
- Transportation, storage and communications (Section I: 60-64), Wholesale, retail, repairs (Section G: 50-52), Real estate, business services (Section K: 70-74), Hotels and restaurants (Section H: 55), Other community, social and personal activities (Section O: selected groups).

3) Size: At least 10% of the sample was to be in the small and 10% in the large size categories. A small firm was defined as an establishment with 2-49 employees, medium - with 50-249 workers, and large - with 250 - 9,999 employees. Companies with only one employee or more than 10,000 employees were excluded.

4) Ownership: At least 10% of the firms were to have foreign control (more than 50% shareholding) and 10% of companies - state control.

5) Exporters: At least 10% of the firms were to be exporters. A firm should be regarded as an exporter if it exported 20% or more of its total sales.

6) Location: At least 10% of firms were to be in the category "small city/countryside" (population under 50,000).

7) Year of establishment: Enterprises which were established later than 2000 should be excluded.

The sample structure for BEEPS II was designed to be as representative (self-weighted) as possible to the population of firms within the industry and service sectors subject to the various minimum quotas for the total sample. This approach ensured that there was sufficient weight in the tails of the distribution of firms by the various relevant controlled parameters (sector, size, location and ownership).

As pertinent data on the actual population or data which would have allowed the estimation of the population of foreign-owned and exporting enterprises were not available, it was not feasible to build these two parameters into the design of the sample guidelines from the onset. The primary parameters used for the design of the sample were:
- Total population of enterprises;
- Ownership: private and state;
- Size of enterprise: Small, medium and large;
- Geographic location: Capital, over 1 million, 1 million-250,000, 250-50,000 and under 50,000;
- Sub-sectors (e.g. mining, construction, wholesale, etc).

For certain parameters where statistical information was not available, enterprise populations and distributions were estimated from other accessible demographic (e.g. human population concentrations in rural and urban areas) and socio-economic (e.g. employment levels) data.

Sampling deviation
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The survey was discontinued in Turkmenistan due to concerns about Turkmen government interference with implementation of the study.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The current survey instruments are available:
- Screener and Main Questionnaires.

The survey topics include company's characteristics, information about sales and suppliers, competition, infrastructure services, judiciary and law enforcement, security, government policies and regulations, bribery, sources of financing, overall business environment, performance and investment activities, and workforce composition.

Cleaning operations
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Data entry and first checking and validation of the results were undertaken locally. Final checking and validation of the results were made at MEMRB Custom Research Worldwide headquarters.

Response rate
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Overall, in all BEEPS II countries, the implementing agency contacted 18,052 enterprises and achieved an interview completion rate of 36.93%.

Respondents who either refused outright (i.e. not interested) or were unavailable to be interviewed (i.e. on holiday, etc) accounted for 38.34% of all contacts. Enterprises which were contacted but were non-eligible (i.e. business activity, year of establishment, etc) or quotas were already met (i.e. size, ownership etc) or to which “blind calls” were made to meet quotas (i.e. foreign ownership, exporters, etc) accounted for 24.73% of the total number of enterprises contacted.

摘要
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本研究于2002年6月19日至7月31日在拉脱维亚进行，作为商业环境与企业绩效调查的第二轮调研。调查旨在收集企业对私营部门的反馈，并协助构建企业数据面板，以便跟踪商业环境随时间的变迁，从而实现对改革影响的评估。通过对制造业和服务业企业的面对面访谈，本调查评估了私营部门增长的制约因素，并创建了具有统计学意义且可跨国比较的商业环境指标。
调查主题包括公司特征、销售和供应商信息、竞争、基础设施服务、司法和执法、安全、政府政策与法规、贿赂、融资来源、整体商业环境、绩效与投资活动，以及劳动力构成。
地理覆盖范围
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全国性
分析单元
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研究的主要抽样单元为机构。
总体
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制造业和服务业是主要关注的商业领域。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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以下信息来源于由MEMRB Custom Research Worldwide（现为Synovate的一部分）准备的《商业环境与企业绩效调查 - 2002年简报：关于观察、经验和方法的报告》。这是一家实施了BEEPS II工具的研究公司。
BEEPS II国家样本的一般目标分布标准如下：
1) 国家覆盖范围：BEEPS II工具将在28个转型经济体中的约6,500家企业中实施：中欧和东欧16个（阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、保加利亚、克罗地亚、捷克共和国、爱沙尼亚、南斯拉夫、马其顿、匈牙利、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、波兰、罗马尼亚、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚和土耳其）以及独联体12个（亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、白俄罗斯、格鲁吉亚、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、摩尔多瓦、俄罗斯、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦、乌克兰和乌兹别克斯坦）。
2) 在每个国家，样本的产业构成（制造业与服务业，包括商业）将根据GDP的相对贡献来确定，每个类别至少为15%。
排除受政府价格监管和审慎监管的产业，如银行、电力、铁路运输、水和废水处理等行业的企业。
符合条件的业务活动如下（ISIC部分）：采矿和采石（C部分：10-14）、建筑（F部分：45）、制造业（D部分：15-37）、运输、仓储和通信（I部分：60-64）、批发、零售和维修（G部分：50-52）、房地产、商业服务（K部分：70-74）、酒店和餐饮（H部分：55）、其他社区、社会和个人活动（O部分：选定的群体）。
3) 规模：样本中至少有10%属于小型企业，10%属于大型企业。小型企业定义为拥有2-49名员工的机构，中型企业为50-249名工人，大型企业为250-9,999名员工。仅有一名员工或超过10,000名员工的公司被排除。
4) 所有权：至少10%的企业应具有外国控制权（超过50%的股份）和10%的企业应为国家控制。
5) 出口商：至少10%的企业应为出口商。如果企业的出口额占总销售额的20%或更多，则该企业应被视为出口商。
6) 地点：至少10%的企业应属于“小城市/乡村”类别（人口少于50,000）。
7) 成立时间：成立于2000年后的企业应被排除。
BEEPS II的样本结构旨在尽可能地代表（自加权）受行业和服务业影响的行业和企业总体，并满足总样本的各种最低配额。这种方法确保了在按各种相关控制参数（行业、规模、地点和所有权）分布的企业尾部的权重足够。
由于缺乏关于实际总体或可用于估计外国拥有企业和出口企业总体的相关数据，因此从一开始就无法将这些两个参数纳入样本指南的设计中。用于设计样本的主要参数如下：
- 企业总体数量；
- 所有权：私营和公共；
- 企业规模：小型、中型和大型；
- 地理位置：首都、超过100万、100万-25万、25-5万和低于5万；
- 子行业（例如，采矿、建筑、批发等）。
对于某些参数，由于缺乏统计信息，企业总体和分布是从其他可获取的人口统计（例如，农村和城市地区的人口集中）和社会经济（例如，就业水平）数据中估计的。
抽样偏差
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由于对土库曼政府对研究实施的干预表示担忧，调查在土库曼斯坦中止。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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当前调查工具包括：筛选问卷和主要问卷。
调查主题包括公司特征、销售和供应商信息、竞争、基础设施服务、司法和执法、安全、政府政策与法规、贿赂、融资来源、整体商业环境、绩效与投资活动，以及劳动力构成。
数据清洗操作
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数据录入、初步检查和验证在当地进行。最终检查和验证在MEMRB Custom Research Worldwide总部进行。
响应率
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总体而言，在所有BEEPS II国家，实施机构联系了18,052家企业，完成访谈的比例为36.93%。
拒绝直接（即不感兴趣）或无法接受访谈（即休假等）的受访者占所有联系者的38.34%。联系但不符合条件（即业务活动、成立年份等）或配额已满（即规模、所有权等）的企业，或为满足配额而进行的“盲打”电话的企业占联系企业总数的24.73%。