Coefficient estimates along with their 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of the mixed-effects generalized linear model with binomial distribution (HMM-SSF + GLMM) and the multi-state correlated random walk model (HMM-CRW) to predict probability that a bison switched from encamped to travelling mode during its travel in summer.

In the HMM-SSF + GLMM analysis, we used a probability threshold of 0.50 (Pthreshold) to determine transition and non-transition from the conditional probabilities of being in encamped or travelling state, as estimated from the HMM-SSF. Mixed-effects generalized linear model was fitted using 27,101 geolocations from 32 GPS-collared plains bison in Prince Albert National Park (SK, Canada). was set to the actual distance between bison and wolf (dwolf) when dwolf ≤ dthreshold and dthreshold, otherwise. log(dwolf) is the natural logarithm of dwolf.