Birds are better at regulating heat loss through their legs than their bills: Implications for body shape evolution in response to climate

Endotherms use their appendages – such as legs, tails, ears and bills – for thermoregulation by controlling blood flow to near-surface blood vessels, conserving heat when it is cold, and dissipating heat in hot conditions. Larger appendages allow greater heat dissipation, and appendage sizes vary latitudinally according to Allen’s Rule. However, little is known about the relative importance of different appendages for thermoregulation. We investigate physiological control of heat loss via bird bills and legs using infra-red thermography of wild birds. Our results demonstrate that birds are less able to regulate heat loss via their bills than their legs. In cold conditions, birds lower their leg surface temperature to below that of their plumage surface, retaining heat at their core. In warm conditions, birds increase their leg surface temperature to above that of their plumage surface, expelling heat. In contrast, bill surface temperature remains ~2˚C warmer than the plumage surface, in..., Dataset includes surface temperature estimates of bird bills, legs, eyes regions and plumage taken from infra-red thermographs of wild birds, as well as microclimate data collected in the field. Please see our paper for full details.  , , # Birds are better at regulating heat loss through their legs than their bills: implications for body shape evolution in response to climate

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.7wm37pw06](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.7wm37pw06)

The dataset includes surface temperature estimates of different surfaces of wild birds taken from infrared thermographs of wild birds in the field, as well as microclimate information collected at the same time and at a similar location. Microclimate measurements were taken using a portable weather station and solar power meter.

## Description of the data and file structure

The file includes the data described in the table below. Cells containing 'NA' are present were data are not available (for example where the tarsus surface temperature was not captured on the thermograph). For further details on how the data was collected, please see the published paper.

| **Column Name** | **Description** |
| ----------- | ----------- |
| Date | Sample date |
| Observer | I...