POLITICAL AND TERRITORIAL FORMATION OF TURKIC-MONGOL TRIBES IN MAWARANNAHR

This article examines the processes of political and territorial formation of Turkic-Mongol tribal confederations in Mawarannahr from the era of the early medieval Turkic Khaganates to the rise of the Timurid Empire in the fifteenth century. The research is based on Arabic, Persian, and Chinese historical sources, as well as modern archaeological and numismatic data. The study argues that the penetration of Turkic and Mongol tribes into the agricultural oases of Mawarannahr was not merely a process of conquest and destruction, but rather a complex transformative phenomenon connected with the adaptation of nomadic political structures to sedentary systems of governance. Special attention is devoted to the mechanisms of tribal confederation, the redistribution of pasturelands and agricultural territories through the yurt and iqta systems, dynastic legitimacy based on Chinggisid lineage, and the gradual sedentarization of formerly nomadic elites. The article also investigates the tensions between customary tribal law (yasa/töre) and Islamic jurisprudence (sharia), which became one of the principal factors of political conflict during the Chaghatai and Timurid periods. The findings demonstrate that Mawarannahr occupied a distinctive position within the wider Eurasian steppe world as a region of intensive cultural and institutional hybridization, closely connected with its geographical location, agricultural wealth, and highly developed urban civilization.