HYDROCEPHALUS: ETIOLOGY, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, DIAGNOSIS, AND MODERN TREATMENT METHODS.

ABSTRACT. This article reviews the causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, risk factors, diagnostic methods, treatment options, and preventive measures associated with hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus is a neurological condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the cerebral ventricles and can occur in individuals of different age groups. The article discusses the major causes of hydrocephalus, including congenital abnormalities, premature birth, infections, traumatic brain injuries, tumors, and impaired CSF circulation or absorption. The clinical manifestations and potential complications of hydrocephalus in infants, children, and adults are also described. The importance of ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of hydrocephalus is highlighted. In addition, the role of modern surgical treatment methods, including shunt placement and endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV), is discussed. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are essential for reducing neurological, cognitive, and developmental complications associated with hydrocephalus.