Gram positive article Datasets and results 29-05-2024.docxInvestigations on novel antibiotic resistance patterns to drugs of choice by gram-positive bacterial strains: A gateway to early diagnose multi-drug resistance bacterial epidemics

Background: Gram-positive bacteria cause diphtheria, pseudomembranous colitis, and food poisoning. Understanding antibiotic resistance types can help clinicians treat these bacteria infections and prevent antibiotic resistance by giving suitable medications. This study examined the prevalence of gram-positive bacteria and their unique antibiotic resistance patterns in Al-Ahsa, Eastern Saudi Arabia, as no previous investigations had been done.Methods: From 2013 to 2020, the Microbiology Department at King Abdulaziz Hospital in Al-Ahsa received all patient blood sample data and confirmed antibiotic resistance of some Gram-positive bacteria using cultured blood isolates and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Data was processed with SPSS 21.Results: We divided the 228 study participants into 141 male and 87 female groups. Males predominate for eight years (2013–2020). The Gram-positive bacterial infection laboratory received 228 patient results. Eight of 228 patients had bacterial co-infection. Gram-positive isolates fluctuated from 2013 to 2020. Antibiogram data for Streptococcus group A isolates indicated 7.5% Clindamycin resistance. In 2013, Enterococcus faecalis isolates were 98.9% Clindamycin-resistant and 0.3% Ampicillin-resistant. Enterococcus facium isolates were 63.5% Vancomycin-resistant. Thus, our data demonstrates unexpected antibiotic resistance patterns to medications of choice by gram-positive bacterial species, which may render some antibiotics ineffective over time.Conclusions: Our study found that males had more gram-positive bacterial infections, perhaps due to their larger environmental exposure in this region. Gram-positive bacterial strains showed novel antibiotic resistance patterns to high-potency antibiotics in clinical practice, which may lead to antibiotic ineffectiveness due to antibiotic misuse and unprescribed use. It may cause new bacterial epidemics, so state-of-the-art genomic, experimental medicine, and drug discovery technologies are needed to find the molecular pathogenesis of this novel antibiotic resistance, develop new molecular biological assays to detect patients at risk of drug multi-drug resistance, and develop novel inhibitors to treat future antibacterial epidemics.