Supplementary Material I: Station Metadata, Trend Tables, and Supplementary Figures for the Analysis of Temperature and Rainfall Extremes in the Brazilian Legal Amazon

Supplementary Material I – Station Metadata, Trend Results, and Supplementary Figures This supplementary material accompanies the article “Changing Patterns and Intensification of Temperature and Rainfall Extremes in the Brazilian Legal Amazon”. It provides the station metadata, annual trend tables, and supplementary figures used to support the analysis of temperature and precipitation extremes across the Brazilian Legal Amazon. The material includes information on the conventional INMET meteorological stations used in the study, including World Meteorological Organization codes, geographical coordinates, altitude, temporal coverage, and percentages of missing daily precipitation, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature records. It also presents Sen’s slope trend estimates and statistical significance for selected ETCCDI-based temperature and precipitation extreme indices during the 1989–2021 reference period. Statistical significance is based on the modified Mann–Kendall test. In addition, the supplementary figures provide spatial and temporal evidence of seasonal and long-term changes in climate extremes across the region. These figures include seasonal trend maps for mean daily minimum temperature, hot-day intensity, multi-day precipitation extremes, and total precipitation, as well as a temporal analysis of the Warm Spell Duration Index for selected long-record stations. Together, these materials support the interpretation of the main results by documenting the spatial distribution, statistical robustness, and seasonal structure of observed changes in temperature and rainfall extremes in the Brazilian Legal Amazon. Detailed description of the supplementary material Table S1 – Meteorological station metadata and missing-data assessment Table S1 provides the metadata for the 38 conventional meteorological stations used in the study. For each station, the table reports the station ID, WMO code, municipality, Brazilian state, latitude, longitude, altitude, temporal coverage, and percentage of missing daily records for precipitation, maximum air temperature, and minimum air temperature. This table documents the observational basis of the study and supports the reproducibility of station selection, spatial analysis, and missing-data evaluation. The listed time series include the common reference period 1989–2021 and a subset of long-record stations extending back to earlier initial years, including records beginning in 1961, 1970, 1973, 1976, and 1977. Table S2 – Annual trends in temperature extreme indicators Table S2 presents Sen’s slope estimates and statistical significance for selected air-temperature extreme indicators across the Brazilian Legal Amazon during 1989–2021. The indicators include mean maximum temperature, mean minimum temperature, summer days, tropical nights, annual maximum and minimum values of daily maximum and minimum temperature, and diurnal temperature range. The statistical significance of trends is assessed using the modified Mann–Kendall test. This table provides the numerical basis for evaluating the spatial coherence and magnitude of warming signals across the station network, including changes in mean thermal conditions, hot extremes, nighttime warming, and diurnal temperature variability. Table S3 – Annual trends in precipitation extreme indicators Table S3 reports Sen’s slope estimates and modified Mann–Kendall statistical significance for selected rainfall extreme indicators during 1989–2021. The indicators include RX1day, RX5day, SDII, CDD, CWD, R95p, R99p, and PRCPTOT. This table supports the interpretation of precipitation changes as spatially heterogeneous and less regionally uniform than the warming signal. It documents changes in short-duration and multi-day rainfall extremes, wet-day intensity, dry-spell duration, wet-spell duration, heavy-rainfall contribution, and annual precipitation totals. Figure S1 – Seasonal trends in mean daily minimum temperature Figure S1 shows the spatial distribution of seasonal trends in TMINmean across the Brazilian Legal Amazon during 1989–2021. The panels represent DJF, MAM, JJA, and SON. Trend magnitudes correspond to Sen’s slope estimates and are expressed in °C decade⁻¹. Statistical significance is assessed using the modified Mann–Kendall test. This figure supports the assessment of seasonal nighttime warming across the region. Figure S2 – Seasonal trends in hot-day intensity Figure S2 presents the spatial distribution of seasonal trends in TXx, defined as the seasonal maximum of daily maximum temperature, for DJF, MAM, JJA, and SON during 1989–2021. The figure documents changes in hot-day intensity and supports the interpretation of increasing thermal extremes, especially in seasons associated with dry conditions or dry-to-wet transition periods. Trend magnitudes are expressed in °C decade⁻¹, with significance evaluated by the modified Mann–Kendall test. Figure S3 – Temporal trends in the Warm Spell Duration Index Figure S3 presents the temporal evolution and observed trends of the Warm Spell Duration Index (WSDI) for selected long-record stations in the Brazilian Legal Amazon. The stations include Belém, Boa Vista, Peixe, and Porto Nacional, with time series extending through 2021. This figure provides station-level temporal evidence of changes in heat persistence, complementing the regional spatial analyses. It supports the interpretation of warming not only as an increase in isolated high-temperature values, but also as a change in the duration and persistence of warm-spell conditions. Figure S4 – Seasonal trends in multi-day precipitation extremes Figure S4 shows seasonal trends in RX5day, the maximum 5-day precipitation total, across the Brazilian Legal Amazon during 1989–2021. The panels correspond to DJF, MAM, JJA, and SON. The figure supports the analysis of changes in multi-day rainfall extremes and helps identify seasons and sectors where rainfall persistence and event accumulation have intensified or weakened. Trend magnitudes are expressed in mm decade⁻¹, and statistical significance is assessed using the modified Mann–Kendall test. Figure S5 – Seasonal trends in total precipitation Figure S5 presents seasonal trends in PRCPTOT, representing total precipitation, across the Brazilian Legal Amazon during 1989–2021. The panels show DJF, MAM, JJA, and SON. This figure supports the interpretation that precipitation changes are spatially uneven and seasonally dependent, rather than indicating a homogeneous wetting or drying pattern across the entire region. Trend magnitudes are expressed in mm decade⁻¹, with statistical significance assessed using the modified Mann–Kendall test. Files included in this Zenodo record Suggested file list: Supplementary Material I - RV2.docxWord document containing the supplementary tables and figure captions associated with the manuscript. Supplementary Material I - RV2.pdfOptional PDF version of the supplementary material for long-term accessibility and easier reading. Short description This record provides Supplementary Material I for the article “Changing Patterns and Intensification of Temperature and Rainfall Extremes in the Brazilian Legal Amazon”. The material includes station metadata, missing-data information, Sen’s slope trend estimates, modified Mann–Kendall statistical significance, and supplementary figures documenting spatial and temporal changes in temperature and precipitation extremes across the Brazilian Legal Amazon. The tables and figures support the analysis of annual and seasonal ETCCDI-based climate extreme indices derived from conventional INMET meteorological station records for the 1989–2021 reference period and selected long-record stations ending in 2021.