Statistical models of TL and their summary statistics.

The two descriptive models of TL are OLS (ordinary least-squares) and best LS (which is the OLS or GLS with the smallest AICc). The three predictive models of TL are the CX (Cohen-Xu) model, the Tweedie model, and the XLW (Xiao-Locey-White) models. 13 of the best LS models for the spatial TL and one of the best LS models for the temporal TL are GLS models that did not yield parameter estimates of TL due to failed convergence (for reasons not understood), resulting in respectively 42 (55–13) and 63 (64–1) best LS models. For each predictive model, the corresponding prediction of b is significantly less than (breg if the 95% interval estimate of the corresponding slope difference (from bootstrap samples) is less than zero, not significantly different from (≈) breg if the 95% interval estimate contains zero, and significantly greater than (>) breg if the 95% interval estimate is greater than zero.