Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database 2017 - Myanmar

Abstract
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Financial inclusion is critical in reducing poverty and achieving inclusive economic growth. When people can participate in the financial system, they are better able to start and expand businesses, invest in their children’s education, and absorb financial shocks. Yet prior to 2011, little was known about the extent of financial inclusion and the degree to which such groups as the poor, women, and rural residents were excluded from formal financial systems.

By collecting detailed indicators about how adults around the world manage their day-to-day finances, the Global Findex allows policy makers, researchers, businesses, and development practitioners to track how the use of financial services has changed over time. The database can also be used to identify gaps in access to the formal financial system and design policies to expand financial inclusion.

Geographic coverage
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Sample excludes Chin, Kachin, and Kayahstates, representing less than 5% of thepopulation.

Analysis unit
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Individuals

Universe
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The target population is the civilian, non-institutionalized population 15 years and above.

Kind of data
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Observation data/ratings [obs]

Sampling procedure
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The indicators in the 2017 Global Findex database are drawn from survey data covering almost 150,000 people in 144 economies-representing more than 97 percent of the world's population (see Table A.1 of the Global Findex Database 2017 Report for a list of the economies included). The survey was carried out over the 2017 calendar year by Gallup, Inc., as part of its Gallup World Poll, which since 2005 has annually conducted surveys of approximately 1,000 people in each of more than 160 economies and in over 150 languages, using randomly selected, nationally representative samples. The target population is the entire civilian, noninstitutionalized population age 15 and above. Interview procedure Surveys are conducted face to face in economies where telephone coverage represents less than 80 percent of the population or where this is the customary methodology. In most economies the fieldwork is completed in two to four weeks.

In economies where face-to-face surveys are conducted, the first stage of sampling is the identification of primary sampling units. These units are stratified by population size, geography, or both, and clustering is achieved through one or more stages of sampling. Where population information is available, sample selection is based on probabilities proportional to population size; otherwise, simple random sampling is used. Random route procedures are used to select sampled households. Unless an outright refusal occurs, interviewers make up to three attempts to survey the sampled household. To increase the probability of contact and completion, attempts are made at different times of the day and, where possible, on different days. If an interview cannot be obtained at the initial sampled household, a simple substitution method is used.

Respondents are randomly selected within the selected households. Each eligible household member is listed and the handheld survey device randomly selects the household member to be interviewed. For paper surveys, the Kish grid method is used to select the respondent. In economies where cultural restrictions dictate gender matching, respondents are randomly selected from among all eligible adults of the interviewer's gender.

In economies where telephone interviewing is employed, random digit dialing or a nationally representative list of phone numbers is used. In most economies where cell phone penetration is high, a dual sampling frame is used. Random selection of respondents is achieved by using either the latest birthday or household enumeration method. At least three attempts are made to reach a person in each household, spread over different days and times of day.

The sample size was 1600.

Mode of data collection
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Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument
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The questionnaire was designed by the World Bank, in conjunction with a Technical Advisory Board composed of leading academics, practitioners, and policy makers in the field of financial inclusion. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Gallup Inc. also provided valuable input. The questionnaire was piloted in multiple countries, using focus groups, cognitive interviews, and field testing. The questionnaire is available in more than 140 languages upon request.

Questions on cash on delivery, saving using an informal savings club or person outside the family, domestic remittances, and agricultural payments are only asked in developing economies and few other selected countries. The question on mobile money accounts was only asked in economies that were part of the Mobile Money for the Unbanked (MMU) database of the GSMA at the time the interviews were being held.

Sampling error estimates
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Estimates of standard errors (which account for sampling error) vary by country and indicator. For country-specific margins of error, please refer to the Methodology section and corresponding table in Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli, Leora Klapper, Dorothe Singer, Saniya Ansar, and Jake Hess. 2018. The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution. Washington, DC: World Bank

摘要
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金融普惠在缓解贫困和实现包容性经济增长中扮演着至关重要的角色。当人们能够参与金融体系时，他们更有能力创办和拓展企业，投资于子女的教育，并吸收金融冲击。然而，在2011年之前，关于金融普惠的范围以及贫困人口、妇女和农村居民等群体被正式金融体系排斥的程度知之甚少。
通过收集全球成年人日常财务管理方面的详细指标，全球金融包容指数（Global Findex）使政策制定者、研究人员、企业和发展实践者能够追踪金融服务使用随时间的变化。该数据库还可用于识别正式金融体系中的接入差距，并设计扩大金融普惠的政策。
地理覆盖范围
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样本不包括占人口不到5%的钦、克钦和凯雅三个州。
分析单位
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个人
总体
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目标人群是非机构化的平民，年龄在15岁及以上。
数据类型
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观测数据/评级 [obs]
抽样程序
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2017年全球金融包容指数数据库中的指标来源于涵盖144个经济体近15万人（占世界人口的97%以上，详见《全球金融包容指数数据库2017年报告》附录A.1中列出的经济体）的调查数据。该调查由盖洛普公司（Gallup, Inc.）在2017年全年作为其盖洛普世界民意调查的一部分进行，自2005年以来，该调查每年在160多个经济体和150多种语言中对约1000人进行调查，使用随机选择的、全国代表性的样本。目标人群是所有15岁及以上的非机构化平民。访谈程序
在电话覆盖率低于80%的经济体或电话调查是常规方法的经济体中，调查是面对面进行的。在大多数经济体中，实地调查在两周至四周内完成。
在面对面调查的经济体中，抽样第一阶段是识别一级抽样单位。这些单位按人口规模、地理或两者结合进行分层，并通过一个或多个抽样阶段实现聚类。在可获得人口信息的情况下，样本选择基于与人口规模成比例的概率；否则，使用简单随机抽样。
使用随机路线程序选择抽样家庭。除非出现明确拒绝，否则调查员最多尝试三次对抽样家庭进行调查。为了提高接触和完成调查的概率，在不同时间和可能的不同天数进行尝试。如果在初始抽样家庭无法获得访谈，则使用简单替换方法。
在选定的家庭中随机选择受访者。将每位符合条件的家庭成员列出，手持调查设备随机选择要访谈的家庭成员。对于纸质调查，使用Kish网格法选择受访者。在文化限制规定性别匹配的经济体中，从所有符合条件的成年受访者中随机选择。
在采用电话访谈的经济体中，使用随机数字拨号或全国代表性的电话号码列表。在手机普及率较高的经济体中，使用双重抽样框架。通过使用最新生日或家庭编号方法实现受访者的随机选择。在每户家庭中至少尝试三次联系某人，分布在不同天和不同时间。
样本量约为1600。
数据收集方式
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计算机辅助个人访谈 [capi]
研究工具
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问卷由世界银行设计，与世界银行技术顾问委员会合作，该委员会由金融包容领域的顶尖学者、实践者和政策制定者组成。比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会和盖洛普公司也提供了宝贵的意见。问卷在多个国家进行了试点，使用了焦点小组、认知访谈和实地测试。根据要求，问卷可用140多种语言。
关于现金到付、使用非正式储蓄俱乐部或家庭外人士储蓄、国内汇款和农业支付的提问仅适用于发展中国家和少数其他选定国家。关于移动货币账户的提问仅适用于在访谈进行时是GSMA“无银行账户者移动货币”（MMU）数据库一部分的经济体。
抽样误差估计
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标准误差（考虑抽样误差）的估计因国家和指标而异。有关特定国家的误差范围，请参阅方法部分和Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli, Leora Klapper, Dorothe Singer, Saniya Ansar和Jake Hess. 2018. 《全球金融包容指数数据库2017：衡量金融包容和金融科技革命》。华盛顿特区：世界银行中的相应表格。