Supplementary Material for: Effects of Lithium Monotherapy for Bipolar Disorder on Gene Expression in Peripheral Lymphocytes

<b><i>Background:</i></b> This study investigated the effect of lithium monotherapy on peripheral lymphocyte gene expression in bipolar disorder (BD). <b><i>Method:</i></b> Twenty-two medication-free bipolar subjects (11 hypomanic, 11 depressed) were started on lithium monotherapy. Closely matched healthy subjects (n = 15) were included as controls but did not receive treatment. Blood RNA samples were collected at baseline and after 2 and 8 weeks of treatment. RNA expression was measured using the Affymetrix GeneChip® Human Gene 1.0 ST Array followed by Ingenuity pathways analysis. The results for the contrast of weeks 2 and 8 were not significantly different and were combined. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In BD subjects, 56 genes showed significant (false discovery rate &lt;0.1) expression changes from baseline; the effect sizes and directions for all of these were similar at weeks 2 and 8. Among these were immune-related genes (IL5RA, MOK, IFI6, and RFX2), purinergic receptors (P2RY14, P2RY2, and ADORA3) and signal transduction-related genes (CAMK1 and PIK3R6). Pathway and upstream regulator analysis also revealed that lithium altered several immune- and signal transduction-related functions. Differentially expressed genes did not correlate with week 8 clinical response, but other genes involved in protein synthesis and degradation did. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Peripheral gene expression may serve as a biomarker of lithium effect.