Khayelitsha Mitchell's Plain Survey 2000 - South Africa

Abstract
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In the year 2000 a small team of social scientists from the Universities of Cape Town and Michigan collaborated on designing a survey with a special focus on labour market issues as a precursor to a Cape Area Panel Study with a special focus on youth planned for the year 2002. After much debate and taking due cognisance of time and budget constraints the team decided to target the magisterial district of Mitchell’s Plain within the Cape Metropole for the survey.

This decision was informed by data gleaned from the 1996 census which revealed that Mitchell’s Plain – demarcated a magisterial district in 1986 – contained almost thirty percent of the population in the Cape Metropolitan Council area. It straddled the two cities of Cape Town and Tygerberg and housed nearly 74% of the African and over 20% of the ‘coloured’ metropolitan population. It included the three established African townships of Langa, Gugulethu and Nyanga as well as informal settlements such as Crossroads and Browns Farm. It also included Khayelitsha an African township proclaimed in the early 1980s with the first houses being built in 1986. The 1996 census had recorded high unemployment rates of over 44%, for Africans and over 20% for Coloured people.

Geographic coverage
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The survey covers the magisterial district of Mitchell's Plain within the Cape Metropolitan area in South Africa. This includes the townships of Khayelitsha, Langa, Gugulethu and Nyanga and the informal settlements of Crossroads and Browns Farm.

Analysis unit
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Households and individuals

Universe
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The survey population of interest isl adults aged 18 years of age and older in households in every Enumeration Area in the Mitchell's Plain magisterial district. Before selecting Enumerator Areas, the survey excluded all non-residential and institutional Enumerator Areas (except for hostels) from the sample frame. Enumerator Areas were selected systematically to ensure that their probability of selection was proportionate to their population size. The Mitchell's Plain magisterial district consist of 1,486 populated Enumerator Areas (as defined in the 1996 Population Census). Dividing the target number of questionnaires (2,875) by the average number of adults per household (2.66), the survey determined to select 1,081 households.

A more detailed description of the universe for this survey can be found in the sampling method document available in the zipped folder under 'documentation'.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data

Sampling procedure
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The sample is based on the 1996 Population Census which recorded a total population of 728 916 people in the Mitchell's Plain Magisterial district. The survey sampled households in the designated geographic area using a two-stage cluster sample. The first stage of this sample entails selecting clusters of households and the second stage entails the selection of the households themselves. For the clusters of households, the survey relied on the Enumerator Areas as defined by Statistics South Africa for the 1996 Population Census. Enumerator Areas are neighbourhoods of roughly 50 to 200 households and drawn up by the Chief Directorate of Demography at Statistics South Africa. This directorate is responsible for developing and maintaining a GIS system that provides the maps that are used for conducting the five-yearly national population census (Statistics South Africa, 2001:42-44). Although Enumerator Area boundaries do not cross municipal boundaries, they do not correspond to any other administrative demarcations such as voting wards. Enumerator Areas are designed to be homogeneous with respect to housing type and size. For example, Enumerator Area boundaries within the Mitchell's Plain Magisterial District do not usually cut across different types of settlements such as squatter camps, site and service settlements, hostels, formal council estates or privately built estates. Instead, each Enumerator Area is homogeneous with respect to any one of these housing types.

The method of selection used was that of Probability Proportional to Size (PPS), where size is measured as the number of households in each Enumerator Area (as defined by the 1996 Population Census). This method provides the most efficient way to obtain equal sub-sample sizes across two stages of selection, i.e. to select the Enumerator Areas and then select from each Enumerator Area a constant number of households for all Enumerator Areas in the sample. The sample is implicitly stratified by location and by housing type.

A more detailed description of the sampling method and procedure for this survey can be found in the sampling method document available in the zipped folder under 'documentation'.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The household questionnaire was aimed at establishing the household roster with the usual questions on age, gender and relationships. It was divided into two sections covering those aged 18 and older and those younger than 18. For the latter, a separate set of questions covering education, health and work status was included.

The adult questionnaire was aimed to fit the international standard approach on the labour force by allocating the labour market status of ‘employee’ to all those ‘at work’ (for profit or family gain, in cash or in kind). One of the innovative aspects of the survey was that respondents were asked about all income-earning activities. In other words, they were not allocated into particular labour market categories during the process of the interview.

The adult questionnaire was divided into 13 sections:

• Section A on education and other characteristics covered age, racial classification, educational attainment, language, religion and health.
• Section B on migration covered place of origin, relocation and destination.
• Section C on intergenerational mobility aimed at capturing parental influence on the respondent.
• Section D on employment history aimed at capturing the respondent’s work history.
• Section E on wage employment attempted to capture respondents working for a wage or salary whether full-time, part-time, in the formal sector or the informal sector including those who had more than one job.
• Section F on unemployment included questions on job search
• Section G on self-employment included a question on more than one economic activity and the frequency of self-employment.
• Section H on non-labour force participants was aimed at refining work status.
• Section I on casual work aimed to capture not only those in irregular/short term employment but also people who might have more than one job.
• Section J on helping other people with their business for gain was aimed at identifying respondents who assist others from time to time but who might not regard themselves as ‘working’.
• Section K on reservation wages attempted to establish the lowest wage at which a respondent would accept work.
• Section L on savings, borrowing and grants and investment income attempted to capture income derived from sources other than work
• Section M on perceptions of distributive justice posed a number of attitudinal questions.

摘要
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在公元2000年，来自开普敦大学和密歇根大学的少量社会科学家团队携手合作，设计了一项特别关注劳动力市场问题的调查，作为2002年针对青年群体进行的开普地区面板研究的前奏。经过反复辩论，并充分考虑时间和预算限制，团队决定将调查目标锁定在开普都市区的米切尔平原地区。

这一决策基于从1996年人口普查中获得的数据，该数据显示米切尔平原——1986年被划定为司法管辖区——占据了开普都市议会地区近30%的人口。它横跨开普敦和提格贝格两座城市，容纳了近74%的非洲人口和超过20%的‘有色’都市人口。它包括三个已建立的非洲城镇——兰加、古古莱图和尼亚纳，以及如交叉路口和布朗农场这样的非正式定居点。此外，它还包括20世纪80年代初宣布的非洲城镇卡耶利塔莎，首批房屋建于1986年。1996年人口普查记录了高达44%以上的失业率，对于非洲人来说超过44%，对于‘有色’人来说超过20%。

地理覆盖范围
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调查涵盖了南非开普都市区米切尔平原司法管辖区。这包括卡耶利塔莎、兰加、古古莱图和尼亚纳城镇，以及交叉路口和布朗农场等非正式定居点。

分析单位
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家庭和个人

总体
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调查感兴趣的总体为米切尔平原司法管辖区每个调查区域内的18岁及以上成年人。在选择调查区域之前，调查排除了所有非住宅和机构调查区域（除宿舍外）的样本框。调查区域被系统性地选择，以确保它们的选取概率与其人口规模成比例。米切尔平原司法管辖区由1,486个有人口居住的调查区域（如1996年人口普查所定义）组成。将目标问卷数量（2,875）除以每户平均成年人数量（2.66），调查决定选择1,081户家庭。

有关此调查总体的更详细描述可以在‘文档’文件夹下压缩文件中的抽样方法文档中找到。

数据类型
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样本调查数据

抽样程序
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样本基于1996年人口普查记录的米切尔平原司法管辖区总人口728,916人。调查在指定的地理区域内使用两阶段聚类样本对家庭进行抽样。样本的第一阶段涉及选择家庭聚类，第二阶段涉及选择家庭本身。对于家庭聚类，调查依赖由南非统计局根据1996年人口普查定义的调查区域。调查区域由南非人口统计首席局制定，是大约50至200户人家的邻里，由统计局的人口统计首席局制定。该局负责开发和维护一个GIS系统，该系统提供用于进行每五年一次的国家人口普查的地图（南非统计局，2001年：42-44）。尽管调查区域的边界不跨越市政边界，但它们也不对应于任何其他行政边界，如投票区。调查区域旨在在住房类型和规模方面具有同质性。例如，米切尔平原司法管辖区内的调查区域边界通常不会跨越不同类型的定居点，如贫民窟、场地和设施定居点、宿舍、正式议会住宅或私人建造的住宅。相反，每个调查区域在住房类型方面都具有同质性。

所使用的选取方法是按规模成比例的概率（PPS），其中规模以每个调查区域内家庭数量（如1996年人口普查所定义）来衡量。这种方法提供了在两个选取阶段获得相等子样本规模的最有效方式，即选择调查区域，然后从每个调查区域中选择相同数量的家庭，以便所有样本中的调查区域。样本在地理位置和住房类型方面隐含分层。

有关此调查的抽样方法和程序的更详细描述可以在‘文档’文件夹下压缩文件中的抽样方法文档中找到。

数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
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家庭问卷旨在建立家庭花名册，包括年龄、性别和关系等常规问题。它分为两部分，涵盖18岁及以上的人以及18岁以下的人。对于后者，包括教育、健康和工作状况等问题的单独问题集。

成人问卷旨在符合国际标准劳动力调查方法，将所有‘在工作’的人（无论是有利可图的或家庭利益，以现金或实物）分配给‘雇员’这一劳动力市场状态。调查的一个创新之处在于，受访者被问及所有收入赚取活动。换句话说，他们在访谈过程中没有被分配到特定的劳动力市场类别。

成人问卷分为13个部分：
• A部分关于教育和其他特征，涵盖年龄、种族分类、教育成就、语言、宗教和健康。
• B部分关于移民，涵盖原籍地、搬迁和目的地。
• C部分关于代际流动性旨在捕捉父母对受访者的影响。
• D部分关于就业历史旨在捕捉受访者的工作历史。
• E部分关于工资就业旨在捕捉那些为工资或薪水工作的人，无论是全职、兼职、正式部门还是非正式部门，包括那些有多个工作的人。
• F部分关于失业包括关于求职的问题。
• G部分关于自营职业包括关于多个经济活动和自营职业频率的问题。
• H部分关于非劳动力参与者旨在细化工作状态。
• I部分关于零工旨在捕捉不仅那些在非正规/短期就业中的人，而且还可能是那些可能有多个工作的人。
• J部分关于为他人提供商业帮助以获得收益旨在识别那些不时帮助他人但可能不将自己视为‘工作者’的受访者。
• K部分关于保留工资旨在确定受访者愿意接受工作的最低工资。
• L部分关于储蓄、借款和补助以及投资收入旨在捕捉来自工作以外的收入来源。
• M部分关于分配正义的认识提出了许多态度问题。