Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2016 - Maldives

Abstract
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The Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) is conducted by National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) with the most recent HIES conducted in 2016. In HIES 2016, 330 enumeration blocks were randomly selected from all 20 administrative Atolls and Male' with a sample of 4,985 households.
HIES 2016 is the first such survey where the sample was designed in such a way that the results are representative at the level of each Atoll in addition to Male'. The survey was conducted in 172 administrative islands (excluding Male') in the country at the time. The high coverage of the islands and the resulting travel costs increased the total cost.

The first nationwide HIES conducted in 2002-2003 covered 834 households from the capital Male' and 40 islands randomly selected from all the Atolls. And the second national wide HIES was conducted in 2009-2010 covered 600 households from the capital Male' and 1,460 households from the islands randomly selected from all the Atolls.

NBS plans to conduct a nationwide HIES every 5 years in the future. Due to extensive revisions in the design of the survey instrument, results on poverty are not comparable to previous years.

Geographic coverage
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The geographic domains of analysis for the HIES are the 21 atolls of the Maldives, as well as the national level. There is also interest in obtaining HIES results at the national level for the following administrative island size groups: (1) less than 500 population; (2) 501 to 1000 population; (3) 1001 to 2000 population; and (4) greater than 2000 population. Data were not collected in resort and industrial islands.

Analysis unit
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household and individual

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The sampling frame for the HIES 2016 is based on the summary data and cartography from the 2014 Maldives Population and Housing Census. The survey covers all of the household-based population in the administrative islands of each atoll of the Maldives, but excluded the institutional population (for example, persons in prisons, hospitals, military barracks and school dormitories).

A stratified two-stage sample design is used for the HIES. The primary sampling units (PSUs) selected at the first stage for the administrative islands are the enumeration blocks (EBs), which are small operational areas defined on maps for the 2014 Census enumeration. The average number of households per EB is 65.

Sampling deviation
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Data were not collected in resort and industrial islands

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The questionnaire was developed by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) in consultation with the World Bank (WB), International Labour Organization (ILO) and United National Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP). Several meetings were conducted to discuss the HIES questionnaire during 2015, beginning with a data users workshop held on 22 April 2015. After conducting several pretests (K.Gulhu, K. Dhiffushi, K.Himmafushi, and Male') during the period June 2015 to January 2016, the questionnaire was finalized in January 2016.

In order to accommodate important data requirements of other government agencies, meetings were held with relevant personnel. In this regard focused discussions were held with Ministry of Tourism to incorporate the domes??c tourism into the HIES Questionnaire. Similarly, meetings were held with Ministry of Health to formulate the questions to capture details of health expenditure required to compile National Health Accounts.

During the HIES questionnaire design, International Labour Organization (ILO) provided the technical guidance in the development of Labour Force module, which was newly introduced in HIES 2016 according to the most recent ILO guidelines. World Bank (WB) provided the technical guidance to improve the methodology to better capture the poverty aspects, with a special focus on including questions relevant to capture the ownership of durable goods and their user value, capture food consumption and food away by a newly introduction food consumption module, and to better capturing the rental value of owner occupied housing. Technical experts from World Bank were involved in some of the pretests and during the questionnaire finalization process. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), Statistics advisor provided overall technical guidance in development of the questionnaire, during the data users workshop and participated in initial pretests. This work was led by the technical team of NBS.

Cleaning operations
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As the survey was on hold during the Ramadan period, the manual editing and coding of the 3 batch of the forms was carried out during Ramadan period. The coding of data started during June 2016 and was able to complete by the end of July 2016 using 10 coders who also worked as data collection officers in the survey. In order to reduce the coding errors and also to maintain consistency, 4 staff from the NBS was assigned as supervisors during the coding operation.

Coding of the second batch of the questionnaires started during December 2016 using 6 coders and additional staff from NBS were actively involved in the coding.

The classification used to code industry was International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC) Rev. 4 and to code occupation, International Standard Classification of Occupation (ISCO) 08 was used. Classification of Individual Consumption According to purpose (COICOP), 2003 was used to give code for food and non-food items in the forms. COICOP codes were given at 7-digit level for food items and non-food items. Most of the COICOP was already pre-coded in the questionnaire and only few needed to be coded. Revision of the international Standard.

During the manual editing, all the questionnaires by household level were stamped together and assigned a serial number to the household which was provided by the data entry team. Form 4(Individual form) and Form 3 (Expenditure Unit form) information was verified with Form 2 (member listing form) information. Coders verified if all the members in Form 2 was recorded in Form 4. If the and sex was not filled in Form 4 (Individual form) than coders transferred this information from Form 2 to Form 4. In form 3 (expenditure unit form) if the expenditure unit number was missing this information also was transferred from form 2 to form 3. These checks were necessary to done before sending to data entry as Form 2 (member listing form) was decided not to enter. Classification of Education (ISCED) 39c/19, resolution 20 was used to identified the field of education. ISCED code was given at 4-digit level code with first two digits was from ISCED and last two digits was localized one code produced by the NBS to detail out the field of education. Atoll Island codes were the codes used in Census 2014. ISIC, ISCO and Atoll Island codes were in four-digit level.

Response rate
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98.5% response rates for the number of sampled households

摘要
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国家统计局（NBS）负责执行的《家庭收入与支出调查》（HIES）是最新的调查，该调查于2016年进行。在2016年的HIES中，从包括马累在内的所有20个行政环礁中随机选取了330个统计区域，样本量为4,985个家庭。
2016年的HIES是首次采用这种方式设计样本，使得调查结果不仅能够代表马累，还能代表每个环礁。调查在当时在172个行政岛屿（不包括马累）进行。岛屿的高覆盖率以及随之产生的旅行成本增加了总成本。
首次全国性的HIES调查于2002-2003年进行，覆盖了首都马累的834个家庭以及从所有环礁中随机选取的40个岛屿。第二次全国性的HIES调查于2009-2010年进行，覆盖了首都马累的600个家庭以及从所有环礁中随机选取的1,460个家庭。
国家统计局计划在未来每5年进行一次全国性的HIES调查。由于调查工具设计进行了广泛修订，因此关于贫困的调查结果与往年不可比。
地理覆盖范围
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HIES的分析地理领域包括马尔代夫的21个环礁以及全国层面。同时，还有兴趣获得以下行政岛屿人口规模的HIES结果：
（1）人口少于500；（2）501至1,000人口；（3）1,001至2,000人口；（4）人口超过2,000。
在度假岛和工业岛上未收集数据。
分析单位
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家庭和个人
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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HIES 2016的抽样框架基于2014年马尔代夫人口和住房普查的汇总数据和制图。调查涵盖了马尔代夫每个环礁的行政岛屿上的所有基于家庭的常住人口，但排除了机构人口（例如，监狱、医院、军营和学校宿舍的人员）。
HIES采用分层两阶段抽样设计。第一阶段选取的行政岛屿的初级抽样单位（PSU）是统计区域（EB），这些区域是在2014年普查中定义在地图上的小操作区域。每个EB的平均家庭数为65。
抽样偏差
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在度假岛和工业岛上未收集数据
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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问卷是在国家统计局（NBS）与世界银行（WB）、国际劳工组织（ILO）和联合国亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会（UNESCAP）的协商下开发的。2015年期间，为讨论HIES问卷，举行了多次会议，包括2015年4月22日举行的数据用户研讨会。在2015年6月至2016年1月期间进行了多次预测试（K.Gulhu、K. Dhiffushi、K.Himmafushi和马累），2016年1月最终确定问卷。
为了满足其他政府机构的重要数据需求，与相关人员举行了会议。在此方面，与旅游部举行了专门的讨论，以将国内旅游业纳入HIES问卷。同样，与卫生部举行了会议，以制定用于编制国家卫生账户所需详细卫生支出的相关问题。
在HIES问卷设计过程中，国际劳工组织（ILO）提供了关于劳动人口模块的技术指导，该模块是根据最新的ILO指南在HIES 2016中引入的。世界银行（WB）提供了技术指导，以改进方法，更好地捕捉贫困方面，特别关注包括与耐用商品所有权及其使用价值相关的问题，通过新引入的食物消费模块捕捉食物消费和外出就餐，以及更好地捕捉自有住房的租金价值。世界银行的某些技术专家参与了部分预测试和问卷最终确定过程。联合国亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会（UNESCAP）的统计顾问在数据用户研讨会期间提供了关于问卷开发的总体技术指导，并参与了初步预测试。这项工作由国家统计局的技术团队领导。
数据清理操作
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由于调查在斋月期间暂停，因此第3批表格的手动编辑和编码在斋月期间进行。数据编码始于2016年6月，并于2016年7月底完成，当时有10名编码员参与，他们也是调查中的数据收集员。为了减少编码错误并保持一致性，国家统计局有4名工作人员被分配为编码操作期间的监督员。
第2批问卷的编码始于2016年12月，使用6名编码员，国家统计局的其他工作人员也积极参与了编码。
用于编码产业的分类是《所有经济活动的国际标准产业分类》（ISIC）修订版4，用于编码职业的分类是《国际标准职业分类》（ISCO）08。根据目的对个人消费进行分类（COICOP），2003年被用于对表格中的食品和非食品项目进行编码。食品项目和非食品项目的COICOP代码在7位数字级别。大多数COICOP已在问卷中预先编码，只有少数需要编码。修订了国际标准。
在手动编辑过程中，所有按家庭级别编制的问卷被一起盖章，并分配了一个由数据录入团队提供的序列号给家庭。表格4（个人表格）和表格3（支出单位表格）的信息与表格2（成员清单表格）的信息进行了核实。编码员核实了表格2中的所有成员是否在表格4中记录。如果表格4（个人表格）中未填写性别，则编码员将此信息从表格2转移到表格4。在表格3（支出单位表格）中，如果缺失支出单位编号，则也将此信息从表格2转移到表格3。这些检查是在发送给数据录入之前必须完成的，因为表格2（成员清单表格）决定不录入。用于识别教育领域的分类是《教育国际标准分类》（ISCED）39c/19，决议20，ISCED代码以4位数字级别提供，前两位数字来自ISCED，最后两位数字是国家统计局产生的本地化代码，以详细说明教育领域。环礁岛屿代码是2014年普查中使用的代码。ISIC、ISCO和环礁岛屿代码在4位数字级别。
响应率
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样本家庭的响应率为98.5%