Supplementary Material for: A case of unilateral OPA3-related dominant optic atrophy

Introduction: Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (DOA) is an inherited optic neuropathy characterized by progressive bilateral vision loss, cecocentral visual field defects, and retinal ganglion cell degeneration. Most cases are associated with OPA1 mutations, while OPA3-related DOA is rare and typically involves both eyes. To date, unilateral disease has not been reported.

Case Presentation: A 33-year-old man presented with progressive, painless vision loss in the left eye. Best corrected visual acuity was 20/20 in the right eye and 20/30 in the left, with a left relative afferent pupillary defect and optic disc pallor. Optical coherence tomography revealed normal retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in the right eye and diffuse thinning in the left; visual field testing showed a central scotoma in the left eye. MRI excluded compressive or inflammatory causes. Genetic testing identified a novel heterozygous OPA3 missense variant, c.199G>C, p.Val67Leu, not previously reported in population databases. Four years later, vision in the left eye had declined to 20/100 with persistent unilateral atrophy, while the right eye remained normal.

Conclusion: This represents the first documented case of unilateral OPA3-related DOA, challenging the long-held view that DOA is inherently bilateral. Recognition of such atypical presentations may expand the clinical spectrum of OPA3-related disease and inform diagnostic and genetic counselling approaches for patients with unilateral optic neuropathy.