GOSAT-grid integrated dataset 2010/2015/2020: greenhouse gases, climate, vegetation, economy and population on the 2.5° GOSAT Level 4B grid

GOSAT-grid integrated dataset 2010/2015/2020: greenhouse gases, climate, vegetation, economy and population on the 2.5° GOSAT Level 4B grid. This dataset places nine variables on one common grid, the 2.5° × 2.5° horizontal grid of the GOSAT Level 4B (L4B) global CO2/CH4 concentration product (73 latitudes × 144 longitudes, 10,512 cells), for the years 2010, 2015 and 2020 (annual values; monthly 2.5° fields of CO2, CH4 and EVI are kept in the per-source files). It also contains every R script used to make the data, plotting scripts in R and Python, a Google Colab notebook, and scripts that build regional cell-by-year panels with spatial weight matrices. Variables co2, ch4: CO2 (ppm) and CH4 (ppb) mole fractions, lowest model layer (975 hPa), annual mean (GOSAT L4B V02.09 / V01.08) t2m, wind10m, precip: 2 m air temperature (°C), 10 m wind speed (m s−1), annual precipitation (mm yr−1) (ERA5 monthly means), overlap-weighted as in version 1.0.0 t2m_aw, wind10m_aw, precip_aw: the same ERA5 variables with cos(latitude) area weighting (new in version 1.1.0; recommended for global means and for any analysis that includes cells poleward of 60°) evi: enhanced vegetation index, annual mean (MODIS MOD13C2 C6.1) gdp: total GDP per cell, constant 2017 international USD, PPP (Kummu et al. 2025) pop_gpw, pop_ghs: population per cell (GPWv4.11; GHS-POP R2023A) Intensive variables are averaged and extensive variables (GDP, population) are summed, so that global totals are conserved exactly. The polar rows of the node-centred grid are treated explicitly. Note on the two ERA5 versions. t2m, wind10m and precip are overlap-weighted means without cos(latitude) area weighting, as published in version 1.0.0; t2m_aw, wind10m_aw and precip_aw add cos(latitude) weighting and are area means, like EVI. The two versions differ by at most 0.09 °C, 0.05 m s−1 and 1.1 % of precipitation equatorward of 60°, by 0.32 °C, 0.12 m s−1 and 4.2 % between 60° and 80°, and by up to 1.4 °C, 0.55 m s−1 (9.9 %) and 10 % of precipitation poleward of 80°. Use the area-weighted variables for global or zonal means and for any analysis that includes cells poleward of 60°; use the unweighted ones to reproduce results based on version 1.0.0. ERA5/compare_ERA5_area_weight.R computes the unweighted, cos(latitude)-weighted and exact spherical-area means from the original ERA5 files (cos(latitude) and exact-area weighting differ by at most 0.02 °C); its outputs are included for verification: ERA5_areaWeight_summary.csv (the basis of Table 5 of the related article), ERA5_areaWeight_comparison.RData and ERA5_areaWeight_difference_<year>.png. Main files (in formulation_algorithms.zip) zzIntegration/gosatGrid_2010_2015_2020_wide.csv: one row per cell (10,512 rows) zzIntegration/gosatGrid_2010_2015_2020_long.csv: one row per cell and year (31,536 rows) zzIntegration/gosatGrid_variables.csv: data dictionary zzIntegration/all_objects.RData: 36 matrices (73 × 144) zzRegionPanel/: regional land masks, spatial weight matrices and cell-by-year panels one folder per source (CO2, CH4, ERA5, EVI_MODIS, GDP, GPWv4, GHS_POP) with the aggregation script and its output; ERA5/compare_ERA5_area_weight.R compares the ERA5 fields with and without area weighting, and its outputs (ERA5_areaWeight_summary.csv, _comparison.RData, _difference_<year>.png) are included for verification The full documentation (grid definition, file layout, processing steps, run order, quality control, limitations and licences) is in the attached README.md. Licence and conditions. The derived data and scripts are released under CC BY 4.0. Each source keeps its own terms. The co2 and ch4 values are high-level, value-added data derived from GOSAT L4B standard products under the GOSAT/GOSAT-2 Data Policy: they may not be used for any purpose in opposition to peaceful use, and any publication or redistribution must state that the original data are provided by JAXA/NIES/MOE. This dataset contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Version history. 1.1.0 (2026-10-31): area-weighted ERA5 variables t2m_aw, wind10m_aw and precip_aw added; all other values unchanged. 1.0.0 (2026-10-04): first release. Files revised 2026-10-17/18/19: zzRegionPanel/, ERA5/compare_ERA5_area_weight.R and its outputs (ERA5_areaWeight_*) added, note on ERA5 area weighting added; data files unchanged.