Artificial Neurons, Neuromorphic Cells, and Synthetic Synapses Based on Hydrogen Bonds and Confined Water: Principles, Current Research, Modeling, Applications, Achievements, Scientific Groups, and Prospects

This work explores the emerging field of neuromorphic computing systems based on hydrogen bonds and confined water. It analyzes artificial neurons, synthetic synapses, and neuromorphic devices utilizing ionic transport in aqueous environments. The study highlights the unique physical properties of confined water, the role of hydrogen bonding, and the Grotthuss mechanism of proton transport for creating energy-efficient, adaptive, and bio-compatible computing architectures. It reviews current research, advanced materials including nanofluidic diodes, organic and biopolymer memristors, covalent organic frameworks, and modeling approaches such as molecular dynamics and machine learning potentials. Applications in artificial intelligence, bioelectronics, and human-machine interfaces are discussed alongside key scientific achievements and future perspectives.