الإسلام وإشكالية تحولات الحداثة مقاربة نقدية لأفكار برنارد لويس

Within the problems of the civil state and civil society in the Islamic world, this paper of ours discusses a great American theorist who firmly believes in the impossibility of modernity and the establishment of a civil society and state in the Islamic world. He believes that Muslims have lacked three important capabilities since the fifth century AD = the ninth century AH: the ability of conquests, the ability of global trade, and the ability to possess the platform of knowledge. They were vindicated by their religion with these capabilities. These capabilities were transferred to the West. The reason for their loss is that they exercised power.