European and World Values Surveys Four-wave Integrated Data File, 1981-2004

The World Values Surveys and European Values Surveys series was designed to enable a crossnational, crosscultural comparison of values and norms on a wide variety of topics and to monitor changes in values and attitudes across the globe. This data collection contains the survey data from the four waves of the World Values Surveys and European Values Surveys, carried out in 1981-1984, 1990-1993, 1995-1997, and 1999-2004. These survey responses have now been integrated into one dataset, to facilitate time series analysis. The surveys provide data from representative national samples of the publics of approximately 81 societies (covering 60 countries) that contain 85 percent of the world's population and cover a full range of variation, from societies with per capita incomes below 300 dollars per year, to societies with per capita incomes of more than 35,000 dollars per year, from long-established democracies to authoritarian states, and from societies with market economies to societies that are in the process of emerging from state-run economies. The surveys cover societies that were historically shaped by a wide variety of religious and cultural traditions, from Christian to Islamic to Confucian to Hindu. The societies covered range from those whose culture emphasizes social conformity and group obligations to societies in which the main emphasis is on human emancipation and self-expression. Broad topics covered in the integrated file include perception of life, family, work, traditional values, personal finances, religion and morale, the economy, politics and society, the environment, allocation of resources, contemporary social issues, national identity, and technology and its impact on society. Specifically, respondents were asked whether the following acts were ever justifiable: suicide, cheating on taxes, lying, euthanasia, divorce, and abortion. Respondents were also asked about the groups and associations they belonged to, which ones they worked for voluntarily, the ethnic group(s) they would not want as neighbors, their general state of health, and whether they felt they had free choice and control over their lives. A wide range of items was included on the meaning and purpose of life, such as respondents' views on the value of scientific advances, the demarcation of good and evil, and religious behavior and beliefs. Respondents were also queried about their attitudes toward morality, politics, sexual freedom, marriage, single parenting, child-rearing, and the importance of work, family, politics, and religion in their lives. Questions relating to work included what financial and social benefits were most important to them in a job, how much pride they took in their work, if they were happy with their current position, and their views on owner/state/employee management of business. Questions pertaining to the stability of the world economy and whether respondents were happy with their financial situation were also asked. Respondents' opinions on various forms of political action, the most important aims for their countries, confidence in various civil and governmental institutions, and whether they would fight in a war for their country were also elicited. Demographic information includes family income, number of people residing in the home, size of locality, region of residence, occupation of the head of household, and the respondent's age, sex, occupation, education, religion, religiosity, political party and union membership, and left-right political self-placement.

世界价值观调查和欧洲价值观调查系列旨在促进对各国、各文化价值观和规范的跨国家、跨文化比较，并监控全球价值观和态度的变化。该数据集包含了1981-1984年、1990-1993年、1995-1997年和1999-2004年进行的四次世界价值观调查和欧洲价值观调查的问卷数据。这些调查回应现已整合为一个数据集，以便利时间序列分析。调查数据来源于约81个社会（涵盖60个国家）的公众代表性样本，这些社会的人口占世界总人口的85%，涵盖了从每人年收入低于300美元到每人年收入超过35,000美元的社会，从历史悠久的民主国家到威权国家，从市场经济社会到正在从国家控制经济中崛起的社会。调查覆盖了历史上受基督教、伊斯兰教、儒家和印度教等多种宗教和文化传统塑造的社会，从强调社会一致性和群体义务的文化到主要强调人类解放和自我表达的文化。整合文件中涵盖的广泛主题包括对生活的认知、家庭、工作、传统价值观、个人财务、宗教和道德观、经济、政治和社会、环境、资源分配、当代社会问题、国家认同，以及技术及其对社会的影响。具体而言，受访者被问及以下行为是否有过正当性：自杀、逃税、撒谎、安乐死、离婚和堕胎。受访者还被问及他们所属的团体和协会，他们自愿为哪些组织工作，他们不愿意作为邻居的族群，他们的健康状况，以及他们是否认为自己有自由选择和掌控自己的生活。关于生活的意义和目的，包括受访者对科学进步的价值、善与恶的界定以及宗教行为和信仰的看法等广泛的项目也被纳入。受访者还被询问他们对道德、政治、性自由、婚姻、单亲育儿、抚养子女以及工作、家庭、政治和宗教在他们生活中的重要性的态度。与工作相关的问题包括他们认为在一份工作中最重要的财务和社会福利是什么，他们对工作的自豪感如何，他们是否对自己的当前职位满意，以及他们对业主/国家/员工管理企业的看法。关于世界经济稳定性和受访者是否对他们的财务状况满意的问题也被提出。受访者对各种形式的政治行动、他们国家最重要的目标、对各种民间和政府机构的信心，以及他们是否愿意为他们的国家而战的观点也被征求。人口统计信息包括家庭收入、居住在家庭中的人数、地区规模、居住地区、户主的职业，以及受访者的年龄、性别、职业、教育、宗教、宗教信仰、政党会员和工会会员，以及左翼/右翼政治自我定位。