JV Suburban Outdoor Recreation (Pxl)

Joint Ventures (JVs) are bird conservation partnerships, established to achieve the goals of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan (NAWMP). There are 22 bird habitat JVs in North America, and our JV, the Upper Mississippi/Great Lakes Region Joint Venture (UMGL JV) is located in the Midwest, in a pivotal location in the Mississippi Flyway, for people involved in migratory bird conservation. We are a collaborative, regional group of government agencies, tribes, nonprofit organizations, corporations, universities, and individuals that conserve habitat for the benefit of migratory birds, other wildlife, and people. Our landscape includes eastern Minnesota; all of Wisconsin and Michigan; eastern Nebraska and Kansas; western, southern and eastern Iowa; northern Missouri, Illinois and Indiana; and northwestern Ohio. Targeting conservation to achieve biological objectives for Wetland-birds (Waterfowl and Waterbirds) and social objectives for People is a priority for JVs. Supporting outdoor recreation (for nature enthusiasts and hunter and non-hunter conservation supporters) in suburban areas while conserving habitat for Wetland-birds is a social objective at the UMGL JV. We produced a spatial model (this raster dataset) of the distribution, relative density, and proximity of human populations to outdoor recreation opportunities within suburban areas to help achieve this objective. We published its map in the JV Waterfowl and Waterbird Habitat Conservation Strategies (2017 and 2018 Revision, respectively). In this model, we assumed locations with higher human populations have more potential recreationists, but travel time or distance will limit the use of conservation lands. Outdoor recreationists will likely have the best retention and recruitment opportunities as they move away from busy urban areas (with average ≤50 km) towards more open suburban landscape (Devers et al. 2017). However, their interest will diminish gradually if they continue to move away from suburban areas towards remote rural areas due to travel time back home, travel distance, and/or availability and accessibility of reacreation opportunities. To produce the spatial model, we obtained human abundance data per block (U.S. census 2010), and then converted block polygons to points, where each point inherited a “weight”, that is the number of people in the original block. We used these points and their weights in a weighted (kernel) density analysis to generate a model for the density and distribution of human populations in the JV region. We reversed the pixel values, where pixels within urban centers got lower values and then values start to gradually increase as distance increase away from those centers, reaching to the highest values at suburban landscape at buffered neighborhoods of 50 km on average around population centers. This extension from urban areas to surrounding bands of undeveloped land represents the predicted geographic distribution of greatest Wetland-bird recreational opportunities (Devers et al. 2017). Thus, we expect potential conservation landscapes of average distance ≤50 km from where people reside (i.e., population centers) to receive greatest use by current and new outdoor recreationists if Wetland-birds and their habitats are available and accessible to the public. Finally, we converted kernel density raster dataset to TIFF format (this product) to improve data visualization, assessment, and interactivity online. This raster showed the distribution and relative density (scale of 0 – 1; values of low – high) of the most valuable areas (pixel neighborhoods) across the JV region, to acquire or manage whatever the required action at the local scale is (i.e., retention, protection, and or restoration). Aggregate-priority-areas were predicted to produce the most value for the decision makers. These hotspots were mainly prioritized using density of human populations relative to available ourdoor recreation opportunities as recreationists move away from urban centers (with average ≤50 km) toward suburban areas. Areas other than the hotspots represents lower demand on outdoor recreation and/or lower outdoor recreation opportunities. For more details, please see the JV 2017 Waterfowl and 2018 Waterbird Habitat Conservation Strategies. We designed a flexible and adaptable analysis framework, and all objective-oriented models (including this one) can be scaled-down (i.e., stepped-down to state, watershed, county, or any smaller target area) and supplemented with additional local data for customized output maps depicting best areas for Wetland-birds habitat restoration vs. retention vs. enhancement for the benefits of Wetland-birds and people. See the JV website and publications for details. Links: On hold / contact us: To download this TIFF dataset and related data, metadata, and documentation, please browse the UMGL JV online folder in the U.S. Geological Survey's ScienceBase repository. To view and explore this TIFF dataset and related data, please visit the online experience of the UMGL JV Decision Support Tools. References: Model codes and final steps (for internal use of UMGLJV staff): (i) jvw_uscensus10_populationandhousingunitsbyblock_albrcea_pt_pop10kd1km32ClsFlpVluCls3to30NrmByMax_2 = albers_Jv18OutRecSuburban. (ii) albers_Jv18OutRecSuburban → converted to TIFF and projected on-the-fly to WGS84 → renamed to Jv18OutRecSuburban_R. For internal use of USFWS staff: Data Management Plan (DMP) ID = 734; Title: UMGL JV - Conservation Associated with Suburban Outdoor Recreation.联合保护伙伴计划（Joint Ventures, JVs）是为实现北美水禽管理计划（North American Waterfowl Management Plan, NAWMP）目标而设立的鸟类保护合作机制。北美地区共设有22个鸟类栖息地联合保护伙伴计划，本数据集所属的上密西西比河/五大湖地区联合保护伙伴计划（Upper Mississippi/Great Lakes Region Joint Venture, UMGL JV）坐落于中西部，地处密西西比迁徙路线的关键位置，对迁徙鸟类保护从业者而言具有重要战略意义。 本计划是一个协作性的区域联盟，成员涵盖政府机构、原住民部落、非营利组织、企业、高校及个人，旨在通过栖息地保护，为迁徙鸟类、其他野生生物及人类社会谋取福祉。其覆盖范围包括明尼苏达州东部、威斯康星州全境、密歇根州全境、内布拉斯加州东部与堪萨斯州东部、爱荷华州西部、南部及东部区域、密苏里州北部、伊利诺伊州、印第安纳州以及俄亥俄州西北部。 联合保护伙伴计划的核心优先级之一，是针对性开展保护工作，以达成湿地鸟类（水禽与水鸟）的生物学保护目标，同时兼顾人类社会的相关社会目标。对上密西西比河/五大湖地区联合保护伙伴计划而言，在保护湿地鸟类栖息地的同时，支持郊区户外休闲活动（面向自然爱好者、狩猎者及非狩猎类环保支持者）便是其社会目标之一。 为此，我们构建了一套空间模型（即本栅格数据集），用于表征郊区范围内人类活动与户外休闲机会的分布、相对密度及邻近程度，以助力达成上述社会目标。该模型成果已刊载于本计划的《水禽栖息地保护策略（2017年修订版）》与《水鸟栖息地保护策略（2018年修订版）》。 在本模型中，我们假设人口密度更高的区域潜在休闲参与者更多，但出行时长与距离会限制其对保护用地的使用。户外休闲参与者在远离繁忙城区（平均距离≤50km）、转向更开阔的郊区景观时，最有可能实现留存与新增招募（Devers等人，2017年）。然而，若继续从郊区向偏远乡村地区移动，受返程时长、出行距离以及休闲机会的可获得性与可达性影响，参与者的兴趣会逐渐消退。 为构建该空间模型，我们获取了2010年美国人口普查中各街区的人口规模数据，随后将街区多边形转换为点要素，每个点要素继承了原街区的人口权重。我们利用这些带权重的点要素开展加权核密度分析，以生成研究区域内人口密度与分布的模型。随后我们对像素值进行了反转处理：城市中心区域的像素值较低，随着远离城市中心距离增加，像素值逐渐升高，在人口中心周边平均50km缓冲范围内的郊区景观区域达到峰值。这一从城区向周边未开发土地延伸的梯度分布，对应了湿地鸟类休闲机会最丰富的地理分布预测结果（Devers等人，2017年）。因此我们推测，若湿地鸟类及其栖息地可供公众使用与访问，那么距离人类聚居区（即人口中心）平均距离≤50km的潜在保护用地，将获得当前及新增户外休闲参与者的最高关注度。 最终，我们将核密度分析得到的栅格数据集转换为标签图像文件格式（Tagged Image File Format, TIFF，即本产品），以提升数据可视化、评估及在线交互性。该栅格数据展示了研究区域内最具价值区域（像素邻域）的分布与相对密度（值域范围0~1，数值越低代表价值越低，越高代表价值越高），可用于在局地尺度开展针对性保护行动（即留存、保护或恢复湿地栖息地）。 聚合后的优先保护区域被预测可为决策者带来最高价值。这些热点区域主要依据人口密度与可获得的户外休闲机会的相对关系进行优先级排序，其逻辑基于休闲参与者从城市中心（平均距离≤50km）向郊区迁移的行为模式。热点区域之外的区域，户外休闲需求较低或可提供的户外休闲机会有限。 如需了解更多细节，请参阅本计划的2017年水禽与2018年水鸟栖息地保护策略文件。我们设计了一套灵活可适配的分析框架，所有面向目标的模型（包括本模型）均可进行缩尺调整（即缩减至州、流域、县域或任意更小的目标区域），并可补充额外的本地数据，以生成定制化的输出地图，用于对比分析湿地鸟类栖息地恢复、留存与增强的最优区域，从而兼顾湿地鸟类与人类社会的双重利益。更多细节可参阅本计划官网及相关出版物。 相关链接：暂未公开 / 请联系我们：如需下载本TIFF数据集及相关数据、元数据与文档，请浏览美国地质调查局ScienceBase数据仓储中的UMGL JV在线文件夹。如需查看并探索本TIFF数据集及相关数据，请访问UMGL JV决策支持工具在线平台。 参考文献：供UMGL JV内部人员使用的模型代码与最终步骤：(i) jvw_uscensus10_populationandhousingunitsbyblock_albrcea_pt_pop10kd1km32ClsFlpVluCls3to30NrmByMax_2 = albers_Jv18OutRecSuburban。(ii) albers_Jv18OutRecSuburban → 转换为TIFF格式并实时投影至WGS84坐标系 → 重命名为Jv18OutRecSuburban_R。供美国鱼类及野生动物管理局内部人员使用：数据管理计划（Data Management Plan, DMP）编号=734；标题：UMGL JV - 郊区户外休闲相关保护工作。