A new application of nano-selenium: rescue of CK2 and mitochondria from oxidative stress to prevent cardiac hypertrophy supplementary data

<b>Background: </b>Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction are pivotal in initiating cardiac hypertrophy. To explore nano-selenium’s (SeNP’s) preventive potential against this condition, the authors evaluated chemically synthesized chitosan-SeNPs and biosynthesized <i>Bacillus cereus </i>YC-3-SeNPs in an angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiac hypertrophy model. <b>Methods: </b>This investigation encompassed ROS measurement, mitochondrial membrane potential analysis, transmission electron microscopy, gene and protein expression analyses, protein carbonylation assays, serum antioxidant quantification and histological staining. <b>Results: </b>SeNPs effectively countered Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy by reducing ROS, restoring mitochondrial and protein kinase 2<b>α </b>(CK2-<b>α</b>) function, activating antioxidant pathways and enhancing serum antioxidant levels. <b>Conclusion: </b>This finding underscores SeNPs’ role in attenuating Ang II-induced myocardial hypertrophy both <i>in vitro </i>and <i>in vivo</i>.<b>Plain language summary: </b>Enlargement of the heart is called cardiac hypertrophy; this is caused by too many reactive oxygen species, which are compounds that damage the mitochondria of cells. The mitochondria provide energy to cells and their disruption can cause a significantly negative effect on cells and the tissues and organs cells make up. Selenium is a type of metal that must be consumed in small amounts to stay healthy; it has antioxidant effects, meaning it can stop reactive oxygen species and potentially prevent cardiac hypertrophy. Nano-selenium (SeNP), consisting of tiny, spherical particles containing selenium, may be a more effective way of delivering selenium as an antioxidant to prevent cardiac hypertrophy. SeNPs were made synthetically and from a type of bacterium called <i>Bacillus cereus; </i>both SeNPs demonstrated antioxidant effects in heart cells taken from chicken embryos and live chickens. These results suggest that SeNPs could be developed into medication to combat cardiac hypertrophy.