Nutritional quality regulates postnatal wing morph of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum

Aphids can produce both winged and wingless offspring in response to environmental changes. Host nutrition is one of the extensively studied environmental factors influencing the plasticity of wing morphs in aphids. Insulin and target of rapamycin (TOR) are primary nutrient-sensing signaling pathways involved in the control of organism growth and have been implicated in regulating aphid wing morph plasticity.