Estimates of Embodied Global Energy and Air-Emission Intensities of Japanese Products for Building a Japanese Input–Output Life Cycle Assessment Database with a Global System Boundary

To build a life cycle assessment (LCA) database of Japanese
products
embracing their global supply chains in a manner requiring lower time
and labor burdens, this study estimates the intensity of embodied
global environmental burden for commodities produced in Japan. The
intensity of embodied global environmental burden is a measure of
the environmental burden generated globally by unit production of
the commodity and can be used as life cycle inventory data in LCA.
The calculation employs an input–output LCA method with a global
link input–output model that defines a global system boundary
grounded in a simplified multiregional input–output framework.
As results, the intensities of embodied global environmental burden
for 406 Japanese commodities are determined in terms of energy consumption,
greenhouse-gas emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
perfluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and their
summation), and air-pollutant emissions (nitrogen oxide and sulfur
oxide). The uncertainties in the intensities of embodied global environmental
burden attributable to the simplified structure of the global link
input–output model are quantified using Monte Carlo simulation.
In addition, by analyzing the structure of the embodied global greenhouse-gas
intensities we characterize Japanese commodities in the context of
LCA embracing global supply chains.