The Upscaled Fabrication and Encapsulation of Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells offer outstanding promise in the world of next-generation renewable energy to help pave the way for a cleaner, greener, and more sustainable future. This PhD thesis addresses two critical challenges currently facing perovskite solar cells: replacing the expensive gold electrode with a scalable and low-cost alternative and improving the operational stability of flexible perovskite solar cells by employing polymeric barrier materials and encapsulation architectures. In this thesis, we demonstrate world-record efficiencies and outstanding stability performance for a range of perovskite solar cells and introduce novel lamination techniques to create carbon electrode-based perovskite solar cells.