Comparisons of genetic variation by AMOVA based on data generated by EPIC-PCR markers from Helicoverpa armigera according to three population structure hierarchical models.

Model A: compares variation between geographic regions (northern India, central India, and southern India), among populations within regions and within populations. Model B: compares variation between hosts (cotton, pigeonpea and chickpea), among populations within hosts and within populations. Model C: compares genetic variations between cropping seasons (season 2004–05, season 2005–06, season 2006–07), among populations within cropping seasons and within populations.