Observed values in an age-period table.

Age-period-cohort (APC) analysis, one of the fundamental time-series models, has an identification problem of the inability to separate linear components of the three effects. However, constraints to solve the problem are still controversial because multilevel analysis used in many studies results in the linear component of cohort effects being close to zero. In addition, previous studies do not compare the Bayesian cohort model proposed by Nakamura with the well-known intrinsic estimator. This paper focuses on three models of Bayesian regularization using priors of normal distributions. A random effects model refers to multilevel analysis, a ridge regression model is equivalent to the intrinsic estimator, and a random walk model refers to the Bayesian cohort model. Here, applying Bayesian regularization in APC analysis is to estimate linear components by using nonlinear components and priors. We aim to suggest conditions for using the random walk model by comparing the three models through some simulations with settings for the linear and nonlinear components. Simulation 1 emphasizes an impact of the indexes by making absolute values of the nonlinear components small. Simulation 2 randomly generates the amounts of change in the linear and nonlinear components. Simulation 3 randomly generates artificial parameters with only linear components are less likely to appear, to consider the Bayesian regularization assumption. As a result, Simulation 1 shows the random walk model, unlike the other two models, mitigates underestimating the linear component of cohort effects. On the other hand, in Simulation 2, none of the models can recover the artificial parameters. Finally, Simulation 3 shows the random walk model has less bias than the other models. Therefore, there is no one-size-fits-all APC analysis. However, this paper suggests the random walk model performs relatively well in data generating processes, where only linear components are unlikely to appear.