Cigarette smoke-induced disordered microbiota aggravates the severity of influenza A virus infection

Cigarette smoking has been associated with increased risks for influenza-like illnesses. The reasons for this are mechanical, structural, and/or immunity-related. In addition, smoking may affect the microbial composition of the upper and lower airways. Here, we investigated the impact of transferring smoke-disordered microbiota from SPOF to germ-free mice on subsequent H1N1 infection.