The context for each survey round.

The Covid-19 pandemic and mitigation measures had widespread societal impacts. Young children are particularly vulnerable yet the ways the pandemic affected children in informal settlements (slums) are not well described. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of the pandemic on early childhood in three Nairobi informal settlements. Five rounds of cross-sectional computer assisted telephone surveys (with 578–774 respondents in each) in three settlements (Kibera; Mukuru-Viwandani; Kawangware) over 13 months, correlating with different phases Covid-19 restrictions. Impact was assessed through comparing changes in summary statistics on responses to survey questions on each domain of Nurturing Care over time. Survey results found significant disruptions in healthcare services, particularly in early rounds with missed vaccinations (reported by 1 in 5 parents of infants) and therapeutic healthcare seeking (missed by up to 21% of families). Persistent food and nutrition insecurity, with a large majority of families struggling to feed their children (72% in Round 1) due to financial constraints. Economic shocks were near-universal; 99.7% of respondents reporting earning less since the start of the pandemic. Use of paid childcare initially plummeted but showed a resurgence over time (up to 21% by Round 5) as pandemic control measures evolved. Young children were commonly left alone in all rounds, but especially earlier ones; underscoring the enduring challenges in providing nurturing care in these settings. Very few (