Engineering Double to Quintuple Stacks of a Polarized Aromatic in Confined Cavities

Discrete, well-defined stacks of the polarized aromatic pyrene-4,5-dione (1) were assembled in the cavities of organic-pillared coordination cages (2). The number (n) of stacked guests depends on the pillar length, and up to quintuple stacks (n = 5) were observed when long (16.5 Å) organic pillar ligands were incorporated. As previously reported, pyrene-4,5-dione (1) assembles into infinite columnar stacks in the solid state, but the present work demonstrates that the polarized 1 has a strong propensity to stack in layers even in the absence of crystal packing effects. For n = 2 and 3 structures, crystallographic studies revealed that 1 stacks by π−π interactions in the cavity in such a way that a net dipole moment is canceled. These results emphasize the important role of dipole−dipole interactions as well as π-stacking interactions in the formation of columnar stacks of 1.