Census of Agriculture, 2010-2011 - Lao People's Democratic Republic

Abstract
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Most people in Lao PDR live in rural areas and make their living from agriculture. The Government needs detailed and up-to-date statistics on agriculture to help develop the agricultural sector and improve the welfare of the people. The Government already has statistics on the area and production of rice and other major crops, as well as livestock numbers. However, there is little information available on such things as: the different types of rice grown, the number of rice farmers, the area planted to minor crops, the use of different inputs, the use of farm machinery, farm size, farm labour, and the age/sex structure of livestock. The Lao Agricultural Census will provide these and many other data. The Lao Agricultural Census is part of a world-wide programme of agricultural censuses, which started in the 1930’s. Over 120 countries are now participating in that programme; many of these undertake agricultural censuses every ten years. The Lao Agricultural Census is the first such census undertaken in Lao PDR. It is being conducted in all 141 districts and is one of the largest and most important statistical collections ever undertaken in the country.

Objectives of Lao Agricultural Census:

1. To provide data on the structure of agriculture, agricultural land (land use for agricultural crops; livestock).
> Land issue: there is strong need for land use and other related data to guide land policy formulation .

2. To obtain community-level data (at the village level) for examining the infrastructure and services available to farm holdings.

3. To provide data to use as benchmarks for current agricultural statistics.

4. To strengthen national capacity and provide frames for future agricultural sample surveys.

Geographic coverage
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National coverage

Analysis unit
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Households

Universe
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The statistical unit was the farm household (holding), defined as an economic unit of agricultural production under single management, comprising all livestock raised and all agricultural land operated, regardless of ownership, which engages agricultural operation above certain established thresholds of land, livestock or aquaculture.

Kind of data
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Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure
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Sample design and selection

The sample for the sample farm household component was selected using two-stage sampling: a sample of villages was first selected, and then a sample of farm households was selected in each sample village. In most districts, a sample of between 16 and 22 villages was selected, with 16 farm households selected in each sample village; that is, a sample of between 256 and 352 sample farm households in each district. The more villages or farm households in a district, the bigger the sample that was taken. A smaller sample was taken in urban districts and districts containing few villages or households. In each district, the sample of villages was selected using stratified systematic probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling. A list of all villages in Lao PDR was prepared. Villages were divided into urban and rural strata, with rural strata being sampled more heavily than urban strata because of their agricultural importance. The estimated number of households in each village was used as the size measure for PPS sampling. The sample of farm households in each sample village was selected using stratified systematic random sampling based on a list of all farm households in each village prepared following the household component of the census. Altogether, 2,620 villages and 41,660 sample farm households were selected in the sample.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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Four questionnaires were used in the CA 2010/2011, as follows:

(i) a form for listing the households in the village, Form 1;

(ii) a questionnaire for the household component, Form 4;

(iii) a questionnaire for the farm household (holding) component, Form 5;

(iv) a questionnaire for the village component, Form 3.

The 2010/2011 CA census questionnaires covered all 16 core items recommended for the WCA 2010 roundn namely;

0001 Identification and location of agricultural holding
0002+ Legal status of agricultural holder
0003 Sex of agricultural holder
0004 Age of agricultural holder
0005 Household size
0006 Main purpose of production of the holding
0007 Area of holding according to land use types
0008 Total area of holding
0009 Land tenure types on the holding
0010 Presence of irrigation on the holding
0011 Types of temporary crops on the holding
0012 Types of permanent crops on the holding and whether in compact plantation
0013 Number of animals on the holding for each livestock type
0014 Presence of aquaculture on the holding
0015+ Presence of forest and other wooded land on the holding
0016 Other economic production activities of the holding's enterprise

See questionnnares in external materials tab

Cleaning operations
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Census processing

Completed questionnaires were returned to ACO in Vientiane for processing. Processing involved:

- checking that the census enumeration was complete;
- manually checking that questionnaires had been correctly filled out; coding of descriptive responses (such as crop types);
- entering data into the computer (using keyboard methods); running computer checks to identify and correct errors; and producing tabulations of census data.

There were nearly 1.2 million questionnaires and therefore it took some for the processing to be completed. Preliminary checking and coding was done from May-September 2011; data entry was done from June-December 2011; and error checking was done from August 2011-February 2012. Tabulations were prepared by April 2012.

Response rate
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village component- 99 percent

household component - 99. 4 percent

sample farm household componen - 99.9 percent

Sampling error estimates
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The census data presented from the sample farm household component are based on a sample and are therefore subject to sampling errors. Because of the sample design used, sampling errors on provincial
and national estimates are generally quite small.

Data appraisal
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To ensure census data quality, supervision was done at the central, provincial and district level. The data were confronted with external sources, such as the data from the previous census and current agricultural surveys. For the sampling component, statistical errors were computed.

摘要
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在老挝人民民主共和国，大多数民众居住在农村地区，以农业为生。政府需要详细且最新的农业统计数据，以助力农业部门的发展并提升民众福祉。政府已掌握水稻及其他主要作物的种植面积和生产统计数据，以及牲畜数量。然而，关于诸如不同类型水稻的种植、水稻种植户数量、次要作物的种植面积、各类投入品的利用、农业机械的使用、农场规模、农场劳动力和牲畜的年龄/性别结构等信息则鲜有掌握。老挝农业普查将提供这些及其他众多数据。老挝农业普查是世界范围内农业普查计划的一部分，该计划始于20世纪30年代。目前已有超过120个国家参与该计划，其中许多国家每十年进行一次农业普查。老挝农业普查是老挝人民民主共和国首次开展此类普查。该普查覆盖全国141个区，是该国历史上规模最大、最重要的统计调查之一。

老挝农业普查的目标：
1. 提供关于农业结构、农业用地（用于农业作物的土地利用；牲畜）的数据。
> 土地问题：迫切需要土地利用及其他相关数据，以指导土地政策的制定。
2. 获取社区层面的数据（村级）以考察农场持有的基础设施和服务。
3. 提供数据作为当前农业统计数据的基准。
4. 加强国家能力，并为未来的农业样本调查提供框架。

地理覆盖范围
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全国覆盖

分析单元
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家庭

总体
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统计单元为农场家庭（持有），定义为单一管理下的农业生产经济单位，包括所有饲养的牲畜和所有经营的土地，无论所有权如何，只要从事农业经营并超过一定的土地、牲畜或水产养殖的阈值。

数据类型
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普查/清点数据 [cen]

抽样程序
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样本设计和选择

样本农场家庭组成部分的样本是通过两阶段抽样选择的：首先选择村庄样本，然后在每个样本村庄中选择农场家庭样本。在大多数地区，选择了16至22个村庄的样本，每个样本村庄中选择了16个农场家庭样本；即每个地区有256至352个样本农场家庭。一个地区的村庄或农场家庭越多，所抽取的样本就越大。在城市地区和村庄或家庭数量较少的地区，样本量较小。在每个地区，使用分层系统概率比例大小（PPS）抽样选择村庄样本。准备了一份包含老挝人民民主共和国所有村庄的清单。村庄被分为城市和农村层，由于农村的农业重要性，农村层比城市层抽样更为密集。每个村庄的估计家庭数量被用作PPS抽样的规模衡量标准。在每个样本村庄中，使用基于每个村庄所有农场家庭清单的分层系统随机抽样选择农场家庭样本。总共选择了2,620个村庄和41,660个样本农场家庭。

数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
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在2010/2011年的CA中使用了四种问卷，如下所示：
(i) 村庄家庭清单表格1；
(ii) 家庭组成部分问卷4；
(iii) 农场家庭（持有）组成部分问卷5；
(iv) 村庄组成部分问卷3。
2010/2011年CA普查问卷涵盖了WCA 2010轮次推荐的16项核心指标，即；
0001 农业持有物的识别和位置
0002+ 农业持有者的法律地位
0003 农业持有者的性别
0004 农业持有者的年龄
0005 家庭规模
0006 持有物的生产主要目的
0007 按土地利用类型划分的持有物面积
0008 持有物的总面积
0009 持有物上的土地产权类型
0010 持有物上的灌溉情况
0011 持有物上的临时作物类型
0012 持有物上的永久作物类型及其是否为密集种植
0013 每种牲畜类型的持有物上的牲畜数量
0014 持有物上的水产养殖情况
0015+ 持有物上的森林和其他林地情况
0016 持有物企业的其他经济生产活动

见外部材料标签中的问卷

清理操作
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普查处理

完成后的问卷被送回万象的ACO进行处理。处理涉及：
- 核查普查清点是否完整；
- 人工检查问卷是否填写正确；
- 对描述性回答（如作物类型）进行编码；
- 将数据输入计算机（使用键盘方法）；
- 运行计算机检查以识别和纠正错误；以及
- 编制普查数据的汇总。
由于近120万份问卷，处理过程耗时较长。初步检查和编码于2011年5月至9月进行；数据录入于2011年6月至12月进行；错误检查于2011年8月至2012年2月进行；汇总于2012年4月准备。

响应率
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村庄组成部分 - 99 percent
家庭组成部分 - 99.4 percent
样本农场家庭组成部分 - 99.9 percent

抽样误差估计
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从样本农场家庭组成部分提供的普查数据基于样本，因此存在抽样误差。由于使用了样本设计，省级和国家估计的抽样误差通常相当小。

数据评估
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为确保普查数据质量，在中央、省级和区级进行了监督。数据与外部来源进行了对比，如前次普查数据和当前农业调查数据。对于抽样组成部分，计算了统计误差。