Mine soil metal hyperspectral retrieval dataset in Lengshuijiang City, Hunan Province

Fifty-three soil samples were collected in July–August 2024, consistent with the satellite acquisition period. Sampling sites spanned the core mining zone, areas near tailings ponds, and downstream farmlands, with ~1 site per km². A combined grid-based and random strategy ensured spatial representativeness. Surface soils (0–20 cm) were collected, air-dried, ground, and sieved through a 100-mesh nylon screen. Concentrations of eight heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, As, Cu, Zn, Ni) were determined via ICP-MS and AFS. Maximum concentrations of Pb, Cd, and As reached 65.8 mg/kg, 2.45 mg/kg, and 66.09 mg/kg, respectively, exceeding Hunan Province background values and confirming significant heavy metal enrichment.This study employed hyperspectral data from the GaoFen-5 (GF-5) satellite. Launched in May 2018, GF-5 is China’s first comprehensive hyperspectral observation satellite. The specific geographical location is shown in Figure 1. Its Advanced Hyperspectral Imager (AHSI) covers 330–2500 nm with high spectral resolution (2.5–4 nm) and medium spatial resolution (30 m), enabling effective identification of surface minerals, soils, and vegetation. AHSI has 330 spectral bands—156 in VNIR (330–1000 nm) and 174 in SWIR (1000–2500 nm)—with an average spectral resolution of ~3 nm. The temporal resolution is four days, suitable for dynamic monitoring of mining areas.The dataset used was acquired on 24 September 2024, with good radiometric quality and full coverage of the mining area and all soil sampling sites. Minimal cloud contamination occurred, and the acquisition coincided with the late vegetation growth season, reducing vegetation interference. Level-1A data were obtained from the China Centre for Resource Satellite Data and Application (CRESDA). Considering the Antimony Mine’s rugged terrain (slopes 15°–30°), orthorectification ensured accurate alignment between spectral information and ground locations.