Reducing battery electric vehicle mineral demand through efficiency, range, and new technology

Electrifying transportation using lithium-ion battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is a crucial strategy for decarbonization. Mineral demand models currently overlook the role of BEV efficiency and range on battery size and corresponding mineral needs. In addition to rising sales volumes, BEV characteristics will be an important factor in mineral extraction requirements. This study quantifies lithium, cobalt, and nickel needed to manufacture passenger BEVs in the United States under different efficiency, range, and battery technology scenarios. Findings demonstrate higher BEV efficiency and lower ranges reduce battery mineral demand, however BEV efficiency becomes more important as the average BEV range increases. Additionally, the uptake of new solid-state batteries is expected to increase lithium demand, whereas sodium-ion batteries are expected to reduce it. Policies supporting mineral reduction and diversification measures outlined in this research can make a sizable reduction in mineral demand, ultimately creating a more sustainable and resilient transportation system.