TABLE 1 in Singular or plural Oldowan tool-makers during the Lower Pleistocene in eastern Africa?

TABLE 1. — Association between hominin remains and archaeological assemblage with a High Confidence level (HC). Abbreviations: HC1, hominin remains have been found in an archaeological site, which includes both in archaeological layers and remains found on the surface of the excavation due to erosion processes; HC2, hominin remains have been found less than 400 meters from the archaeological site, within the same chrono-stratigraphic layer. LocalityRegionAge (Ma)HomininsIndustryCategory of reliabilityAssociation between Oldowan assemblages and Homo (H. habilis sensu lato and Homo sp.)A.L. 666Hadar (Ethiopia)c. 2.35 (Campisano & Feibel 2008) 2.3 and 1.9 (Rowan et al. 2022)A.L. 666-1 Homo aff. H. habilis (Kimbel et al. 1997)Oldowan (Kimbel et al. 1996)HC 1Lokalalei 1, Gajh5West Turkana (Kenya)2.34 +/- 0.04 (Prat et al. 2005)KNM-WT 42718 Early Homo (Prat et al. 2005)Oldowan (Prat et al. 2005)HC 2FJ-1aFejej (Ethiopia)1.95-1.90 (Chapon et al. 2005)Fj-1-Hd1, Hd3, Hd4 Homo aff. Homo habilis (de Lumley & Marchal 2004)Oldowan (e.g. Asfaw et al. 1991; de Lumley & Beyene 2004; Barsky et al. 2011)HC 2DKOldupai Gorge (Tanzania)1.87-1.84 (Deino 2012)OH 24 Homo habilis (Leakey et al. 1971)Oldowan (Leakey 1971; de la Torre & Mora 2005)HC 2Ewass OldupaOldupai Gorge (Tanzania)c. 1.82 (Blumenschine et al. 2003; Deino 2012; McHenry 2012)OH 65 Homo habilis (Blumenschine et al. 2012; Clarke 2012)Oldowan (Mercader et al. 2021)HC 2MNK SkullOldupai Gorge (Tanzania)c. 1.67 (de la Torre et al. 2021)OH 13 Paratype Homo habilis OH 15 Homo habilis (Leakey et al. 1964; Tobias 1991)Oldowan (Leakey 1971; de la Torre et al. 2021)HC 1)Association between Oldowan assemblages and ParanthropusNyayanga, excavation 3Lake Victoria (Kenya)3.03-2.58 (Plummer et al. 2023)KNM-NG 77316 Paranthropus (Plummer et al. 2023)Oldowan (Plummer et al. 2023)) HC 1Kokiselei 1 FxJh6West Turkana (Kenya)1.79 (Boës et al. 2024)KNM-WT 37744, 37747, 37748, 37100 Paranthropus boisei (Prat et al. 2003)Oldowan (Roche et al. 2003; Arroyo et al. 2020)HC 1FxJj 20Koobi Fora (Kenya)1.65 +/- 0.05 (Feibel et al. 1989)KNM-ER 3230 Paranthropus boisei (Wood 1991)Oldowan (Harris & Herbich 1978)HC 1BK site level 4, Bed IIOlduvai Gorge (Tanzania)1.34 (Domínguez-Rodrigo et al. 2013)OH 80 Paranthropus boisei (Domínguez-Rodrigo et al. 2013)Oldowan (Domínguez-Rodrigo et al. 2009)HC 1Association between Oldowan assemblages, Homo and ParanthropusOMO 57/5Lower Omo Valley (Ethiopia)2.32-2.23 (McDougall & Brown 2008)OMO 57/5-1972-371 Paranthropus aff. aethiopicus (Coppens 1977; Suwa 1990; Wood & Leakey 2011) OMO 57/5-1972-319 Indet. (White 1988) Non robust indet. hominin (Suwa 1990) Homo aff. Homo sp. (Wood & Leakey 2011)Oldowan (Coppens et al. 1973; Chavaillon 1976)HC 1;FLK NN level 3Oldupai Gorge (Tanzania)1.84 (Deino 2012)OH 7 cranial remains Homo habilis (Holotype) (Leakey et al. 1964)Oldowan (Leakey et al. 1964; Leakey 1971)HC 1FLK NN level 3Oldupai Gorge (Tanzania)1.84 (Deino 2012)OH 7 hand bones Homo habilis (Leakey et al. 1964) or Paranthropus (Moyà-Solà et al. 2008)Oldowan (Leakey et al. 1964; Leakey 1971)HC 1FLK NN level 3Oldupai Gorge (Tanzania)1.84 (Deino 2012)OH 8 foot bones Homo habilis (paratype) (Day & Napier 1964; Leakey et al. 1964)Oldowan (Leakey et al. 1964; Leakey 1971)HC 1FLK level 22Oldupai Gorge (Tanzania)1.84 (Deino 2012)OH 5 Holotype of Paranthropus boisei (Leakey 1959)Oldowan (Leakey 1971)HC 1FLK level 22Oldupai Gorge (Tanzania)1.84 (Deino 2012)OH 6 Homo habilis (Tobias 1991)Oldowan (Leakey 1971)HC 1FLK level 22Oldupai Gorge (Tanzania)1.84 (Deino 2012)OH 35 Paranthropus boisei or Homo habilis (Leakey et al. 1964)Oldowan (Leakey 1971)HC 1FxJj 38Koobi Fora (Kenya)1.78-1.52 (Mana et al. 2019) 1.85 (Feibel et al. 1989)KNM-ER 1805 Homo sp. but taxonomical allocation under discussion (Leakey 1974; Prat 2002)Oldowan (Harris & Herbich 1978)HC 1FxJj 38Koobi Fora (Kenya)1.78-1.52 (Mana et al. 2019) 1.85 (Feibel et al. 1989)KNM-ER 1806 Paranthropus boisei (Leakey 1974; Wood 1991)Oldowan (Harris & Herbich 1978)HC 1Association between Oldowan assemblages and Homo erectus / Homo ergasterGarba IV, level EMelka Kunture (Ethiopia)Slightly older than 1.7 (Morgan et al. 2012; Tamrat et al. 2014; Gallotti & Mussi 2015) 2 Ma (Mussi et al. 2023)MK 81 GAR IVE 0043 early Homo erectus / Homo ergaster (Condemi 2004)Oldowan (Gallotti & Mussi 2015; Mussi et al. 2023)HC 1PTK siteOldupai Gorge (Tanzania)1.84 (Deino 2012)OH 86 Homo erectus -like (Diez-Martín et al. 2015; Domínguez-Rodrigo et al. 2015)Oldowan (Domínguez-Rodrigo et al. 2015)HC 1Naiyena Engol 1West Turkana (Kenya)1.75 +/- 0.05 (Roche et al. 2003)KNM-WT 37745 Homo sp. (aff. H. ergaster)Oldowan (Roche et al. 2003)HC 1FxJh5(Prat et al. 2003)Gombore IMelka Kunture (Ethiopia)1.6-1.5 (Morgan et al. 2012; Tamrat et al. 2014)Gombore IB-7594 early Homo erectus Homo sp. (Chavaillon et al. 1977; Coppens 2004; Di Vincenzo et al. 2015)Oldowan (Chavaillon et al. 1977; Chavaillon & Berthelet 2004)HC 1Association between Oldowan, Acheulean aseemblages and early Homo erectus / Homo ergasterDAN 5Afar Region (Ethiopia)1.6-1.5 (Semaw et al. 2020)DAN5/P1 early Homo erectus (Semaw et al. 2020; Baab et al. 2022; Bruner et al. 2023)Oldowan and Acheulean (Semaw et al. 2020)HC 1BSN12Afar Region (Ethiopia)1.26 +/- 0.03 (Semaw et al. 2020)BSN12/P1 Homo erectus (Semaw et al. 2020; Baab et al. 2022)Oldowan and Acheulean (Semaw et al. 2020)HC 1