Prevalence ratios for detection of any type HPV per visit per women in the pre-ART, post-ART and pre-vs. post-ART periods.

Abbreviations: human papillomavirus (HPV); number (N), percent (%); prevalence ratio (PR); confidence interval (CI); antiretroviral therapy (ART); zidovudine (AZT); lamivudine (3TC); nevirapine (NVP); Combivir (CBV); efavirenz (EFV); stavudine (D4T); tenofovir (TDF); Truvada (TVD).aRandom effects log-binomial regression to estimate the prevalence ratio of HPV detection by covariates within and across study period, to account for repeated observations on the same women over time.bEarly pre-ART refers to 4–6 months before ART initiation and late pre-ART refers 1–3 months before initiation. Early post-ART refers to 1–3 months after initiation and late post-ART refers to 4–6 months after initiation. No significant interactions were found between ART initiation and other covariates (at p≤0.10).cImmune reconstitution: CD4 count increase of 50 or more cells/µL from the pre- to post-ART measurement.