Impact of monodiets on the development of hypopharyngeal glands and modulation of enzymatic, non-enzymatic, and ionic biomarker activities in selected fat body segments and hemolymph of honey bee workers

In this study, we examined the effects of monofloral pollen diets based on wind-pollinated plants (Corylus sp., Pinus sp.) and insect-pollinated plants (Brassica napus L., Phacelia sp., Solidago sp., Fagopyrum sp.) on the development of hypopharyngeal glands (HPGs), activities of enzymatic (AST, ALT, ALP, GGTP) and non-enzymatic (urea, uric acid) biomarkers, as well as magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations in the hemolymph and fat body from different locations (tergite 3, 5 and sternite) of worker bees.