Fluidic Electrodynamics and Longitudinal Force Dynamics in Asymmetrical Capacitor Thrusters

Classification: Advanced Electromagnetic Propulsion / Zenodo Publication Archive Date: August 2026 Abstract Standard electrodynamics relies on the Lorentz force equation, which predominantly addresses transverse interactions and assumes a passive vacuum. This paper presents a rigorous mathematical framework modeling Asymmetrical Capacitor Thrusters (ACTs) through Fluidic Electrodynamics. By incorporating the convective derivative of the electromagnetic vector potential and non-zero longitudinal force terms (Ampère-Nasilowski formulations), we account for anomalous thrust signatures observed across atmospheric and low-pressure regimes. We outline the critical geometry factors, medium resistance parameters, and the Paschen breakdown boundaries governing the transition from steady-state fluidic acceleration to ablative impulse.