Comparative Study of Free and Forced Convection in MHD Hybrid Nanofluid Flow over a Curved Porous Surface

This study analyzes the combined effects of magnetohydrodynamics, porous media, viscous dissipation, and mixed convection on the flow and heat transfer behavior of an incompressible hybrid nanofluid over a curved stretching surface. It focuses on the hybrid nanofluid flow of TiO2 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles, with water as the base fluid. Graphs assist in evaluating and analyzing the impact of different characterizing factors on velocity and temperature profiles. One of the novel parts of this work is the analysis and comparison of free and forced convection impact on various parameters. It reveals a rise in velocity field for opposing flow, a drop for assisting flow , and constant behavior for no buoyancy effect as the Eckert number increases. An upsurge in the combination of the convection parameter increases the temperature profile for Eckert and curvature parameters. Furthermore, the estimated values of the variables of engineering relevance (local skin friction and Nusselt numbers) are shown in graphs and analyzed in tabular form. The present study may have potential applications incorporating electrically conducting fluid, and porous materials, such as biomedical microdevices, magnetic drug delivery systems, and aerospace cooling technologies.