Patients characteristics of the included studies.

*The values were given as mean (standard deviation), †the values were presented as the patients with an EF ≥ 35% among the participants who used the beta-blockers treatment, ‡the values were presented as the participants who used the beta-blockers treatment. ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARBs: angiotensin-receptor blockers; CCB: calcium channel blockers; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MI: myocardial infarction; NA: not available.