Table_2_A Systematic Evaluation of Measures Against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in Indonesia.DOCX

Over the past years, many different control measures have been implemented to prevent HPAI infection. The national plan with numerous measures lead to problems in terms of prioritization and budget allocation. Our study objectives are to (i) establish an inventory of measures on HPAI control in Indonesia since the first actions were taken in 2004, (ii) evaluate preferences for different HPAI control measures applied in the West Java province at the district level during 2013–2017, and (iii) establish a basis for further qualitative and quantitative research to improve control for an endemic HPAI in Indonesia. This research was carried out according to the following five steps (i) development of an HPAI management framework for an endemic state, (ii) inventorization of measures directed at HPAI and description of the development of HPAI in Indonesia, (iii) development of a questionnaire for the experts involved, (iv) systematic evaluation of preferences for short- and long-term HPAI strategies and measures applied in the West Java Province based on expert opinion, and (v) data analysis. The study systematically evaluated in total 27 measures. The results of this study show that the animal disease management framework is helpful as a systematic structure to distinguish and evaluate strategies and measures. In our framework, we defined the following strategies: prevention, monitoring, control, mitigation, eradication, and human protection. The findings of our research show that the primary aims of the government were to safeguard humans from HPAI transmission by mitigating HPAI disease in livestock. The measures with the highest priority were preventive vaccination of poultry, biosecurity, and stamping-out infected flocks. This showed that the government predominantly chose a vaccination-based HPAI mitigation strategy. However, the chosen strategy has a low implementation feasibility. A collaboration between the responsible stakeholders farmers may increase the feasibility of the chosen strategy in the future. Furthermore, our findings provide a basis for research into the motivation of farmers to implement different measures as well as into the expected impact of different measures to develop an effective and efficient mitigation approach.

近年来，为防止高致病性禽流感（HPAI）的感染，已实施了多种不同的控制措施。国家层面的多项措施导致了优先级和预算分配的问题。本研究旨在：（一）自2004年首次采取行动以来，对印度尼西亚HPAI控制措施进行清单编制；（二）评估2013年至2017年间在西部爪哇省区级应用的不同HPAI控制措施的偏好；（三）为改进印度尼西亚地方性HPAI的控制提供研究基础。本研究遵循以下五个步骤进行：（一）制定针对地方性HPAI的管理框架；（二）对针对HPAI的措施进行清单编制，并描述印度尼西亚HPAI的发展情况；（三）开发专家问卷；（四）基于专家意见，对西部爪哇省应用的中长期HPAI策略和措施进行系统性评估；（五）数据分析。本研究系统性地评估了总共27项措施。研究结果表明，动物疾病管理框架作为系统结构，有助于区分和评估策略与措施。在我们的框架中，我们定义了以下策略：预防、监测、控制、缓解、根除和人类保护。本研究发现，政府的首要目标是通过对家畜中的HPAI疾病进行缓解，以保护人类免受HPAI的传播。最高优先级的措施是家禽的预防接种、生物安全和扑杀感染群。这表明，政府主要选择了基于疫苗接种的HPAI缓解策略。然而，所选策略的实施可行性较低。未来，责任利益相关者农民之间的合作可能会提高所选策略的可操作性。此外，我们的研究结果为研究农民实施不同措施的动力以及不同措施预期影响的预期影响提供了基础，以开发一种有效且高效的缓解方法。