Support data for “Effect of height perception on state self-esteem and cognitive performance in virtual reality”

The uploaded data contains research data supporting “Effect of height perception on state self-esteem and cognitive performance in virtual reality”.
We used the letter recall task established on Goldin-Meadow et al.’s cognitive test to measure participants’ working memory capacity. In each trial, we presented four distinctive letter pairs to facilitate the memorization and recollection process. In accordance with prior work, it was found that relative to letter sequence consisting of both vowels and consonants, those formed solely by consonants can yield a more optimum level of difficulty for testing. Hence, each trial of the letter recall tasks adopted in this study was developed based on eighty randomized consonant letters. In the initial phase of each trial, participants were asked to memorize the visually presented letter sequence within a 15 s exposure period. Subsequent to stimuli exposure, participants experienced a 25 s retention interval. In this phase, the mental rotation task was conducted without the presence of any visual prompt with respect to the letter pairs. This was immediately followed by a 10 s recollection period in order to facilitate serial recall and verbal report of the memorized letter pairs. Participants’ responses were recorded and scored by the experimenter, and reported as percentage correct in later analysis. Each correct letter pair was awarded with one mark, thus a maximum of forty marks could be attained in each block. No marks were given for letter pairs with noted transposition errors and incorrect combination of letters.
We used mental rotation task to examine participants’ spatial ability. Spatial tasks based on the Vandenberg and Kuse Mental Rotation Test were formulated using 3D figures in the Library of Shepard and Metzler-type Mental Rotation Stimuli. In this task, participants were first shown five figures in a 15 s exposure period. All stimuli were in rotation around the horizontal axis and presented in an identical white frame against a white background. A reference stimulus was positioned on top of four potential matching blocks, which were positioned in various orientations and labelled as option “A”, “B”, “C” and “D” respectively. Participants were asked to orient mental representations of the stimuli for dynamic comparisons, then verbally report two figures that shared the same configuration with the reference stimuli in the subsequent 10 s response period. Participants’ responses, represented by two different alphabets, were recorded and scored by the experimenter, and reported as percentage correct in later analysis. One score was awarded for each correct response, which can accumulate to a maximum of twenty marks per condition. In addition to being a stand-alone assessment of visuospatial ability, the mental rotation task also serves the purpose of inducing cognitive load in the letter recall process.
We used the State Self-Esteem Scale, a well-validated and psychometrically sound measurement, to measure momentary fluctuations of individual self-esteem subsequent to height manipulation. It comprises twenty self-report items, each rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Not at all, 2 = A little bit, 3 = Somewhat, 4 = Very much, and 5 = Extremely). Three subscales were used to conduct multidimensional assessment in the specific facets of appearance, performance, and social self-esteem. In the current study, participants were asked to rate the SSES for how they perceive themselves in relation to their experience in the virtual environment.
Following a within-group experimental design, paired-sample t-test analyses were carried out using jamovi (version 1.2.27). Outcome variables were compared between the normal and increased height conditions. The order of conditions was counter-balanced in order to minimize potential confounding influence of the sequence, for instance, cognitive fatigue and learning effects. We checked for normality using Shapiro-Wilk test.

本数据集包含支持“虚拟现实中对身高感知对自我认同及认知表现的影响”这一研究主题的研究数据。本研究采用Goldin-Meadow等人构建的认知测试中的字母回忆任务来衡量参与者的工作记忆容量。在每一试验中，向参与者展示四组独特的字母对，以促进记忆和回忆过程。依据先前研究，发现相对于包含元音和辅音的字母序列，仅由辅音构成的字母序列能够为测试提供更为适宜的难度水平。因此，本研究中采用的字母回忆任务试验基于八十个随机选取的辅音字母设计。在试验的初始阶段，要求参与者在15秒的视觉呈现期内记忆所展示的字母序列。在刺激暴露之后，参与者经历25秒的保持期。在此阶段，进行无视觉提示的旋转记忆任务。随后，紧接着10秒的回忆期，以促进序列回忆和记忆字母对的口头报告。参与者的回答由实验者记录并评分，在后续分析中以正确率百分比的形式报告。每个正确的字母对获得一分，每个试验块最多可得四十分。对于标记有字母顺序错误和字母组合不正确的字母对，不给予评分。我们运用心理旋转任务来检验参与者的空间能力。基于Vandenberg和Kuse心理旋转测试，并使用Shepard和Metzler型心理旋转刺激库中的三维图形构建了空间任务。在此任务中，参与者在15秒的暴露期内首先看到五个图形。所有刺激均在水平轴上旋转，并以相同的白色框架呈现于白色背景之上。一个参考刺激位于四个可能的匹配块之上，这些块以不同的方向定位，并分别标记为选项“A”、“B”、“C”和“D”。参与者被要求在随后的10秒回答期内，通过动态比较，口头报告与参考刺激具有相同配置的两个图形。参与者的回答，以两种不同的字母表示，由实验者记录并评分，在后续分析中以正确率百分比的形式报告。每个正确回答获得一分，每个条件下最多可得二十分。心理旋转任务不仅是一项独立的视觉空间能力评估，同时也旨在在字母回忆过程中诱导认知负荷。本研究采用状态自我认同量表（State Self-Esteem Scale），这是一项经过充分验证且心理测量学上可靠的测量工具，用于测量在身高操纵之后的个体自我认同的瞬时波动。该量表包含二十个自我报告条目，每个条目均采用五点李克特量表（1 = 完全没有，2 = 一点点，3 = 有点，4 = 非常，5 = 极其）进行评分。本研究使用了三个子量表，以对外观、表现和社会自我认同的特定方面进行多维度评估。在当前研究中，参与者被要求对他们在虚拟环境中的体验相对于自我感知进行SSES评分。采用组内实验设计，使用jamovi（版本1.2.27）进行配对样本t检验分析。将正常身高条件和增加身高条件下的结果变量进行比较。通过反平衡条件顺序，以最大限度地减少潜在混杂因素的影响，例如认知疲劳和学习效应。使用Shapiro-Wilk测试检查正态性。