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In 1990, the state of Minnesota enacted legislation to implement an intensive supervision program (ISP). The program was funded jointly by the Minnesota Office of Drug Policy, the Bureau of Justice Assistance, and the Minnesota Department of Corrections. The primary goals for the program were to reduce prison crowding by diverting low-risk prisoners back to their communities and to increase the surveillance of high-risk offenders exiting prison on supervised release (parole). Both types of programs had the potential to alleviate prison crowding. However, evidence to date had suggested that while ISP programs continued to proliferate, they had not substantially reduced prison crowding due to several factors: violators revoked to prison for technical violations, participants not truly prison-bound, only a small number of eligible participants, eligible participants choosing prison over the ISP program, and judges and probation officers overriding random assignment of offenders to prison or ISP (Petersilia and Turner, 1993, Petersilia and Turner, 1990b). Unlike many other intensive probation programs, Minnesota's program was designed to deal exclusively with offenders with prison sentences, both those entering and exiting prison. The stated goals of the program were: (1) to punish the offender, (2) to protect the safety of the public, (3) to facilitate employment of the offender during the intensive community supervision and afterward, and (4) to require the payment of restitution ordered by the court to compensate the victims. The program provided for maximum community surveillance and supervision in a four-phase process, which included a lengthy period of home detention and close contact by one of the 20-25 specially trained agents who were responsible for supervising 12-15 offenders at any one time. The National Institute of Justice funded RAND to conduct an evaluation of the program.