Professionalism and Bureaucracy, 1966

The data for this study were gathered in 1966 from professionals in 23 organizations of various types, such as schools, hospitals, law firms, manufacturing firms, advertising firms, brokerage firms, public and private agencies, accounting firms, and a public library. The study focused on the structural and attitudinal aspects of professionalization, and on the organizational settings in which many professional occupations exist. The questionnaire measured the hierarchy of authority, the division of labor, the extent of organizational control and organizationally-defined procedures, the impersonality of interactions, and the technical competence required by the respondents' specific jobs. Demographic data include age group, graduate degrees if any, and membership in professional organizations.