Estimates of time necessary to generate the mitochondrial genome variants that define New World founding haplogroups.

aThe total number of defining variants for a single founding haplogroup (H'grp) was used in each calculation. Haplogroups B2 and C1b–d do not have defining HVRI or HVRII variants and were therefore not used in the HVRI+II calculations. Averages were calculated for coding and HVRI+II variants separately as well as an average of the total number of estimates within each substitution rate.bThe number of defining variants for New World founding haplogroups was determined by Bandelt et al. [5] and Tamm et al. [12].cSubstitution rates were as follows: Coding/Fast = 1.7×10−8 substitutions/site/year→3,808 years/mutation [13], [16]; Coding/Slow = 1.26×10−8 substitutions/site/year→5,138 years/mutation [17]; HVRI+II/Fast = 4.7×10−7 substitutions/site/year→3,022 years/mutation [15]; HVRI+II/Slow = 1.15×10−7 substitutions/site/year→12,351 years/mutation [14].