Afrobarometer Survey 2011-2013, Merged 34 Country - Africa

Abstract
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The Afrobarometer is a comparative series of public attitude surveys that assess African citizen's attitudes to democracy and governance, markets, and civil society, among other topics. The surveys have been undertaken at periodic intervals since 1999. The Afrobarometer's coverage has increased over time. Round 1 (1999-2001) initially covered 7 countires and was later extended to 12 countries. Round 2 (2002-2004) surveyed citizens in 16 countries. Round 3 (2005-2006) 18 countries, and Round 4 (2008) 20 countries. The 34 African countries covered in Round 5 (2011-2013) are:

Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cote d’Ivoire, Egypt, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe

The survey covered 36 countries in Round 6 (2014-2015) and 34 countries in Round 7 (2016-2018).

Geographic coverage
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The survey has national coverage in the following 34 African countrires: Algeria, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cote d’Ivoire, Egypt, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe

Analysis unit
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Households and individuals

Universe
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The sample universe for Afrobarometer surveys includes all citizens of voting age within the country. In other words, we exclude anyone who is not a citizen and anyone who has not attained this age (usually 18 years) on the day of the survey. Also excluded are areas determined to be either inaccessible or not relevant to the study, such as those experiencing armed conflict or natural disasters, as well as national parks and game reserves. As a matter of practice, we have also excluded people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories and persons in prisons or nursing homes.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data

Sampling procedure
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Afrobarometer uses national probability samples designed to meet the following criteria. Samples are designed to generate a sample that is a representative cross-section of all citizens of voting age in a given country. The goal is to give every adult citizen an equal and known chance of being selected for an interview. They achieve this by:

• using random selection methods at every stage of sampling;
• sampling at all stages with probability proportionate to population size wherever possible to ensure that larger (i.e., more populated) geographic units have a proportionally greater probability of being chosen into the sample.

The sampling universe normally includes all citizens age 18 and older. As a standard practice, we exclude people living in institutionalised settings, such as students in dormitories, patients in hospitals, and persons in prisons or nursing homes. Occasionally, we must also exclude people living in areas determined to be inaccessible due to conflict or insecurity. Any such exclusion is noted in the technical information report (TIR) that accompanies each data set.

Sample size and design
Samples usually include either 1,200 or 2,400 cases. A randomly selected sample of n=1200 cases allows inferences to national adult populations with a margin of sampling error of no more than +/-2.8% with a confidence level of 95 percent. With a sample size of n=2400, the margin of error decreases to +/-2.0% at 95 percent confidence level.

The sample design is a clustered, stratified, multi-stage, area probability sample. Specifically, we first stratify the sample according to the main sub-national unit of government (state, province, region, etc.) and by urban or rural location.

Area stratification reduces the likelihood that distinctive ethnic or language groups are left out of the sample. Afrobarometer occasionally purposely oversamples certain populations that are politically significant within a country to ensure that the size of the sub-sample is large enough to be analysed. Any oversamples is noted in the TIR.

Sample stages
Samples are drawn in either four or five stages:

Stage 1: In rural areas only, the first stage is to draw secondary sampling units (SSUs). SSUs are not used in urban areas, and in some countries they are not used in rural areas. See the TIR that accompanies each data set for specific details on the sample in any given country.
Stage 2: We randomly select primary sampling units (PSU).
Stage 3: We then randomly select sampling start points.
Stage 4: Interviewers then randomly select households.
Stage 5: Within the household, the interviewer randomly selects an individual respondent. Each interviewers alternates in each household between interviewing a man and interviewing a woman to ensure gender balance in the sample.

To keep the costs and logistics of fieldwork within manageable limits, eight interviews are clustered within each selected PSU.

Data weights
For some national surveys, data are weighted to correct for over or under-sampling or for household size. "Withinwt" should be turned on for all national -level descriptive statistics in countries that contain this weighting variable. It is included as the last variable in the data set, with details described in the codebook. For merged data sets, "Combinwt" should be turned on for cross-national comparisons of descriptive statistics. Note: this weighting variable standardizes each national sample as if it were equal in size.

Further information on sampling protocols, including full details of the methodologies used for each stage of sample selection, can be found in Section 5 of the Afrobarometer Round 5 Survey Manual

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The questionnaire for Round 3 addressed country-specific issues, but many of the same questions were asked across surveys. The survey instruments were not standardized across all countries and the following features should be noted:

• In the seven countries that originally formed the Southern Africa Barometer (SAB) - Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe - a standardized questionnaire was used, so question wording and response categories are the generally the same for all of these countries. The questionnaires in Mali and Tanzania were also essentially identical (in the original English version). Ghana, Uganda and Nigeria each had distinct questionnaires.

• This merged dataset combines, into a single variable, responses from across these different countries where either identical or very similar questions were used, or where conceptually equivalent questions can be found in at least nine of the different countries. For each variable, the exact question text from each of the countries or groups of countries ("SAB" refers to the Southern Africa Barometer countries) is listed.

• Response options also varied on some questions, and where applicable, these differences are also noted.

摘要
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Afrobarometer是一项比较性的公共态度调查系列，旨在评估非洲公民对民主与治理、市场以及公民社会等众多议题的态度。自1999年起，该调查以定期间隔进行。随着时间推移，Afrobarometer的调查范围不断扩大。第1轮（1999-2001年）最初覆盖7个国家，后来扩展至12个国家。第2轮（2002-2004年）调查了16个国家的公民。第3轮（2005-2006年）覆盖18个国家，第4轮（2008年）覆盖20个国家。第5轮（2011-2013年）涵盖了34个非洲国家，包括：阿尔及利亚、贝宁、博茨瓦纳、布基纳法索、布隆迪、喀麦隆、佛得角、科特迪瓦、埃及、加纳、几内亚、肯尼亚、莱索托、利比里亚、马达加斯加、马拉维、马里、毛里求斯、摩洛哥、莫桑比克、纳米比亚、尼日尔、尼日利亚、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂、南非、苏丹、斯威士兰、坦桑尼亚、多哥、突尼斯、乌干达、赞比亚和津巴布韦。
第6轮（2014-2015年）覆盖了36个国家，第7轮（2016-2018年）覆盖了34个国家。

地理覆盖范围
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该调查在以下34个非洲国家具有全国性覆盖：阿尔及利亚、贝宁、博茨瓦纳、布基纳法索、布隆迪、喀麦隆、佛得角、科特迪瓦、埃及、加纳、几内亚、肯尼亚、莱索托、利比里亚、马达加斯加、马拉维、马里、毛里求斯、摩洛哥、莫桑比克、纳米比亚、尼日尔、尼日利亚、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂、南非、苏丹、斯威士兰、坦桑尼亚、多哥、突尼斯、乌干达、赞比亚和津巴布韦。

分析单元
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家庭和个人

总体
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Afrobarometer调查的样本总体包括该国所有有投票年龄的公民。换句话说，我们排除了任何非公民以及那些在调查当天未达到此年龄（通常为18岁）的人。此外，还包括那些被确定为无法到达或与本研究无关的区域，例如处于武装冲突或自然灾害中的地区，以及国家公园和狩猎保护区。实践中，我们还将居住在制度化环境中的个人排除在外，例如宿舍中的学生、监狱或养老院中的人员。

数据类型
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样本调查数据

抽样程序
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Afrobarometer使用符合以下标准的全国概率样本。样本旨在生成一个代表特定国家所有有投票年龄公民的代表性横截面样本。目标是给予每位成年公民一个平等且已知的被选中接受访谈的机会。他们通过以下方式实现这一目标：
• 在抽样的每个阶段都使用随机选择方法；
• 在可能的情况下，在所有阶段以与人口规模成比例的概率进行抽样，以确保较大的（即人口较多的）地理单位有更大的概率被选中进入样本。

抽样总体通常包括所有18岁及以上的公民。作为标准做法，我们排除了居住在制度化环境中的个人，例如宿舍中的学生、医院中的病人以及监狱或养老院中的人员。偶尔，我们还必须排除因冲突或不安全而确定为无法到达的地区中的居民。此类排除将在伴随每个数据集的技术信息报告中注明。

样本大小和设计
样本通常包括1200个或2400个案例。随机选择的n=1200个案例的样本允许对全国成年人口进行推断，抽样误差不超过±2.8%，置信水平为95%。在样本量为n=2400的情况下，95%置信水平下的误差范围降低至±2.0%。

样本设计是一种集群的、分层的、多阶段的、区域概率样本。具体来说，我们首先根据主要次国家政府单位（州、省、地区等）以及城市或农村位置对样本进行分层。
区域分层减少了具有独特种族或语言群体的群体被排除在样本之外的几率。Afrobarometer偶尔会故意对某些在特定国家政治上具有重要意义的人群进行超抽样，以确保子样本的大小足以进行分析。任何超抽样都将记录在技术信息报告中。

样本阶段
样本的抽取分为四个或五个阶段：
阶段1：仅在农村地区，第一阶段是抽取二级抽样单位（SSU）。在城区不使用SSU，在某些国家，在农村地区也不使用。有关任何特定国家的样本的具体细节，请参阅伴随每个数据集的技术信息报告。
阶段2：我们随机选择一级抽样单位（PSU）。
阶段3：然后随机选择抽样起点。
阶段4：调查员随后随机选择家庭。
阶段5：在家庭内，调查员随机选择一位受访者。每位调查员在每个家庭中交替采访一位男性和一位女性，以确保样本中的性别平衡。为了将实地工作的成本和后勤控制在可管理的范围内，每个选定的PSU中集群了八个访谈。

数据权重
对于某些国家调查，数据被加权以纠正过度或不足抽样或家庭规模。对于包含此加权变量的国家，应将“Withinwt”应用于所有国家层面的描述性统计。它作为数据集的最后变量，其详细信息在代码书中描述。对于合并数据集，应将“Combinwt”应用于跨国家描述性统计的比较。注意：此加权变量将每个国家样本标准化，就好像它们的规模相等一样。
关于抽样协议的更多信息，包括样本选择每个阶段的详细方法，请参阅Afrobarometer第5轮调查手册的第5节。

数据收集方式
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面对面（f2f）

研究工具
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第3轮的调查问卷针对特定国家的问题，但许多相同的问题在调查中也被提出。调查工具在所有国家之间并未标准化，以下特征应予以注意：
• 在最初组成南部非洲晴雨表（SAB）的7个国家（博茨瓦纳、莱索托、马拉维、纳米比亚、南非、赞比亚和津巴布韦）中，使用了标准化的问卷，因此这些问题措辞和回答类别对于这些国家来说通常是相同的。马里和坦桑尼亚的调查问卷也基本上相同（在原始英语版本中）。加纳、乌干达和尼日利亚各自有独特的问卷。
• 此合并数据集将来自这些不同国家的响应合并到一个单独的变量中，这些国家要么使用了相同或非常相似的问题，要么在至少九个不同的国家中可以找到概念上等效的问题。对于每个变量，每个国家或国家群体（“SAB”指南部非洲晴雨表国家）的准确问题文本都被列出。
• 在某些问题上，回答选项也有所不同，并在适用的情况下，这些差异也被注明。