How do female pest tephritids behave during male courtship?_RAW DATA

Fruit flies exhibit a complex mating ritual in which males display acoustic, visual, and/or chemical signals to increase their mating success. Females play a central role in this process by discriminating among males, evaluating them during courtship, and deciding whether to accept copulation. However, female responses to male courtship remain poorly understood. Investigating female behaviors during male courtship may enhance our understanding of reproductive behavior in fruit flies by revealing which responses are most beneficial for male mating success. The present study aimed to characterize female behaviors during male courtship and identify those associated with mating success, using three economically important fruit fly species as models: Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann), Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Using video recordings, we described and analyzed the behavioral units and sequences displayed by females during male courtship. We compared the relative frequency of each behavioral unit between copulating and non-copulating females within each species and examined differences in behavioral sequence length and duration across species.