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A Herschel survey of molecular lines in (U)LIRGs: physical conditions, the nature of the power source, and a benchmark for high-z observations

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doi.org2010-01-18 更新2025-03-26 收录
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The key diagnostic of the warm starforming molecular clouds in <br>galaxies is provided by their cooling radiation: [CII] and [OI] lines, but<br>also lines of CO, the main tracer of molecular gas. While in our Galaxy<br>cooling by CO lines is unimportant, this situation is totally different in<br>local ULIRGs, where the CO is an important coolant, and the thermal<br>balance is totally different from that in our Galaxy. These results<br>demonstrate the enormous, as yet almost unexplored, diagnostic<br>power of these lines for probing physical conditions. Since these lines<br>are very luminous, they can be used to probe galaxies out to very<br>high redshifts.<br><br>Here we propose a systematic study with the SPIREFTS and PACS of<br>the principal neutral gas cooling lines ([CII], [OI] and the CO ladder<br>from 54 to 1312) in a 60 micron fluxlimited sample of 32 galaxies:<br>24 LIRGs and 8 ULIRGs.<br>Aims of this key project are:<br> analysis of the neutral gas cooling budget, in particular the relative<br>importance of CO and [CII] emission;<br> analysis of the CO rotational ladder to derive the mass of molecular<br>gas as a function of temperature and density;<br> modeling of the data using advanced PDR/XDR models with the goal<br>of separating UVexcited (starburst) and Xray excited (AGN)<br>components;<br> analysis of the implications for molecular mass measurements based<br>on CO lines, both at low and high redshift;<br> achieving statistical robustness, so that inferences can be made on<br>the infrared galaxy population in general, and trends with other galaxy<br>characteristics (IR luminosity, type of power source,.) can be traced.<br><br>Only Herschel can provide the necessary highJ CO and cooling line<br>data. Combined with our extensive groundbased data (lowJ CO, <br>HCN lines) this dataset will elucidate the energy source and physical<br>conditions in local ULIRGs, and establish the critical lin [truncated!, P [truncated!, Please see actual data for full text]

在银河系中,温暖星系形成分子云的关键诊断依据在于其冷却辐射:[CII] 和 [OI] 线谱,亦或是 CO 线谱,这是分子气体的主要示踪剂。尽管在我们银河系中,CO 线谱的冷却作用微乎其微,但在局部的超亮红外星系(ULIRGs)中,情况则截然不同,CO 线谱成为重要的冷却剂,热平衡状态与我们的银河系大相径庭。这些结果展示了这些线谱在探测物理条件方面的巨大、尚待充分挖掘的诊断能力。由于这些线谱具有极高的亮度,它们能够被用来探测至极高红移的星系。 在本研究中,我们提议对 32 个星系(24 个 LIRGs 和 8 个 ULIRGs)的 60 微米通量限定的样本中,使用 SPIREFTS 和 PACS 对主要中性气体冷却线谱([CII]、[OI] 以及 54 至 1312 波长的 CO 级联线谱)进行系统性研究。 本关键项目的研究目标包括: - 分析中性气体冷却预算,特别是 CO 和 [CII] 发射的相对重要性; - 分析 CO 转动级联以推导分子气体质量随温度和密度的函数关系; - 利用先进的 PDR/XDR 模型对数据进行建模,旨在分离紫外激发(星暴)和 X 射线激发(活动星系核,AGN)成分; - 分析基于 CO 线谱的分子质量测量的影响,包括低红移和高红移的情况; - 实现统计学上的稳健性,以便在一般红外星系群体中做出推断,并追踪与其他星系特征(红外亮度、能量来源类型等)的趋势。 仅赫歇尔太空望远镜能够提供必要的高 J CO 和冷却线谱数据。结合我们广泛的地面数据(低 J CO、HCN 线谱),本数据集将阐明局地 ULIRGs 中的能量来源和物理条件,并确立关键的线 [截断!,P [截断!],请参见实际数据以获取全文。]
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