Cell membrane-encapsulated nanoparticles for vaccines and immunotherapy

Functionalized nanoparticles are widely used in drug targeted delivery and immune microenvironment regulation. As a new type of biomaterial, cell-derived carriers are receiving considerable attention in clinical translation owing to their desirable biocompatibility and lower toxicity. Importantly, cell membrane- encapsulated nanoparticles can achieve specific biological effects from the benefit of their parent cell characteristics. In this review, we introduce the cell membrane coating technologies that are under extensive investigation, we also summarize various applications that have been developed for immunotherapy, and discuss the prospects in this field. With further understanding and integration with advanced biotechnology methods, it is believed that the continuing development of cell membrane-encapsulated nanoparticles will achieve promotion in clinical application.